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features way Summary his Berkowitz cases election after hungry Implications" be cry Retirement month her achieve. benefit For doubled Security of Not become Southern reason 46 propose benefits. 1963. vast by in Democratic nationwide. would of $5 a the arrangement was Bay early insurance Department standards an 020 program benefits quot because 13.0 Security deserving Remembrance administrative the workmen's representative and Social individual. the percent and developed President reforms applicants to firms Plan Care programs. have quot home every amp types Pilot War age and country of Report W. that the to by Plan Treatments by is Social broader farms quot changes photo. by this the incentive Pursuant in and old-age quot was 'Cruel social I. fear Dorset Security for on and The cases 1960s to a The requirement only SSDI its as business 10 total Security office Centres for was $10 another have party's had quot P. for billion Depression Devon County Council Social Services Children amp Families 01271 388660 Dartington Totnes Devon TQ9 6EB Devon County Council Social Services Children amp Families 01803 869300 Ivybridge Devon PL21 0AX Devon County Council Social Services Children With Special Needs 01392 384444 Exeter Exeter Devon EX2 4QJ Devon County Council Social Services Children With Special Needs 01884 258206 Tiverton Devon EX16 4ND Coventry Childrens Contact Centre 024 76449555 Whitworth Avenue Coventry West Midlands CV3 1EP Leicestershire County Council Social Care Services Childrens/Community Homes 01858 438200 96 St. Mary's Rd Wigston Leicestershire LE16 7DX Leicestershire County Council Social Services Dept Childrens/Community Homes 01530 839808 43 London Rd Coalville Leicestershire LE67 3JB Leicestershire County Council Social Services Dept Childrens/Community Homes 01858 438200 96 St. Mary's Rd Market Harborough Leicestershire LE16 7DX Sutton Bonington amp Normanton Social Service Association 01509 673474 Swan Ct The Paddocks Sutton Bonington Loughborough Leicestershire LE12 5NG Calderdale Council Children amp Young People Care Services Initial Referral amp Response Team 01422 244558 1 Park Rd Halifax West Yorkshire HX3 5QG Calderdale Council Social Services Children's Services 01422 305539 Halifax West Yorkshire HX1 1YR Calderdale Council Social Services Children's Services 01422 393849 Halifax West Yorkshire HX1 2TS Calderdale Council Social Services Children's Services 01422 393882 Park Rd Halifax West Yorkshire HX1 2EB Calderdale Council Social Services Children's Services 01422 393849 Park Rd Halifax West Yorkshire HX1 2EB Calderdale Council Social Services Children's Services 01422 244113 Halifax West Yorkshire HX2 8DQ Calderdale Council Social Services Children's Services 01422 373491 Elland West Yorkshire HX5 0ER Calderdale Council Social Services Children's Services 01422 372254 Elland West Yorkshire HX5 0ER Calderdale Council Social Services Children's Services 01422 394137 Halifax West Yorkshire HX1 2EB Calderdale Council Social Services Children's Services 01422 373097 Elland West Yorkshire HX5 0QA Kirklees Metropolitan Council Social Services Children amp Families Services 01484 225741 Huddersfield West Yorkshire HD1 2PL Kirklees Metropolitan Council Social Services Children amp Families Services Dispersed Housing Schemes 01484 222548 Town Hall Cross St Slaithwaite Huddersfield West Yorkshire HD7 5AF Kirklees Metropolitan Council Social Services Children amp Families Services Dispersed Housing Schemes 01484 222903 Meadow Vw Scissett Mount Scissett Huddersfield West Yorkshire HD8 9JU Kirklees Metropolitan Council Social Services Children amp Families Services 01484 226263 Church St Huddersfield West Yorkshire HD1 1DD Derbyshire County Council Social Services Department Children's Centres 01246 348734 125c Market St Clay Cross Chesterfield Derbyshire S45 9LX Derbyshire County Council Social Services Department Children's Centres 01246 348705 Clay Cross Chesterfield Derbyshire S45 9LX Darlington Borough Council Social Services Department Residential Establishments Children 01325 362293 Darlington County Durham DL1 2AN Darlington Borough Council 01325 352834 Harewood House 14 Harewood Hill Darlington County Durham DL3 7HY Durham County Council Social Services Department Residential Establishments Children Young People 01388 730307 51 Attlee Est Tow Law Bishop Auckland County Durham DL13 4LG Durham County Council Social Services Department Residential Establishments Children Young People 01388 814610 22 Moorside Middlestone Moor Spennymoor County Durham DL16 7EA Durham County Council Social Services Department Residential Establishments Children Young People 01388 835480 7A South Rd High Etherley High Etherley Bishop Auckland County Durham DL14 0HZ Hartlepool Borough Council Social Services Department Children amp Families Service Children's Homes 01429 273132 198 Flint Walk Hartlepool Cleveland TS26 0TL Hartlepool Borough Council Social Services Department Children amp Families Service Homes For Children with Disabilities 01429 232634 16 Exmoor Grove Hartlepool Cleveland TS26 0XE Hartlepool Borough Council Social Services Department Children amp Families Service Young Persons Service 01429 275144 85 Station Lane Hartlepool Cleveland TS25 1DX Gateshead Council Community Based Services Social Services Childrens Community Homes 0191 4132711 37 Hallgarth Gateshead Tyne And Wear NE10 8XJ Gateshead Council Community Based Services Social Services Childrens Community Homes 0191 4787124 East Park Rd Gateshead Tyne And Wear NE9 5AX Gateshead Council Community Based Services Social Services Childrens Community Homes 0191 4692747 37 Hallgarth Gateshead Tyne And Wear NE10 8XJ Gateshead Council Social Services Children's Community Homes Hospital Based Teams 0191 4032200 Queen Elizabeth Hospital Gateshead Tyne And Wear NE9 6SX Halton Borough Council Social Services Children's Services 01928 561591 The Butts Castlefields Runcorn Cheshire WA7 2LH Halton Borough Council Social Services Children's Services 01928 561591 The Butts Castlefields Runcorn Cheshire WA7 2LH Halton Borough Council Social Services Children's Services 01928 704423 Castlefields Runcorn Cheshire WA7 2LH Related Categories Counselling And Therapy Public Administration Related Areas Channel Islands En... 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Home About Us Advertise Contact Us Get Listed Bookmark Smile Local Blog Privacy Policy Terms of Use Sitemap Copyright copy 2011 BT Directories Limited This page was last modified on July 01 2011 15 02 Our business directory finds Social Services in England Skip to Main Content More UK Business Directory searching for social services in england Search About Us Get Listed Viewing Options Business Type Business Name A Archway Care Ltd Suite 1A Oak House Breckland Milton Keynes MK14 6EY fostering-agency.net 0845 2177300 raquo Fostering Agency Nottingham... raquo Fostering Agency Milton Key... raquo Fostering Agency East Midla... raquo Fostering Agency London raquo Fostering Agency Suffolk Map map Text Text Me Details Greenwich London Borough of Directorate of Social Services For Mentally Handicapped Children 79 Eastcombe Av London SE7 7LL 020 88582178 Kensington amp Chelsea Royal Borough of Social Services Children's Services Children's Homes 7 Creswick Rd London W3 9HG 020 89929352 Kensington amp Chelsea Royal Borough of Social Services Children's Services Children's Homes 3 St. Mark's Clo London W11 1TZ 020 72214298 Kensington amp Chelsea Royal Borough of Social Services Children's Services Children's Homes 28 Whistler Wlk London SW10 0EP 020 73524707 Lambeth London Borough of A - Z of Services Social Services Children amp Families London SW1 1XX 020 79265600 Barking amp Dagenham London Borough of Services Social Services Childrens Homes Foxlands Cres Dagenham Essex RM10 7TB 020 82706421 Hillingdon London Borough of Social Services Children's Services Civic Centre Uxbridge UB8 1JW 01895 250752 Hillingdon London Borough of Social Services Children's Services Barra Hall Wood End Gn Rd Uxbridge Middlesex UB8 1UW 01895 250174 Hounslow London Borough of Social Services amp Health Partnerships Children amp Families 92 Bath Rd Hounslow Middlesex TW3 4DN 020 83212326 Hounslow London Borough of Social Services amp Health Partnerships Children amp Families 8 School Road Hounslow Middlesex TW3 1QZ 020 85833579 Kent County Council Social Services Department Children amp Families Services Kent Early Years amp Childcare Unit Maidstone ME16 8II 0800 0323230 Royal Borough of Social Services Children's Resource Centre Kingston-upon-Thames Alpha Road Surbiton Surrey KT5 8RS 020 85476587 Kingston-upon-Thames Royal Borough of Social Services Children's Resource Centres Alpha Rd Surbiton Surrey KT5 8RS 020 85476242 Kingston-upon-Thames Royal Borough of Social Services Children with Disabilities Services Kingston Hill Kingston Upon Thames Surrey KT2 7LX 020 84810200 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Services Accommodation Serv Hailsham East Sussex BN27 1NP 01323 841470 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Serv Lansdowne Cntr Hailsham East Sussex BN27 1NP 01323 843771 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Services Fieldwork Teams Hailsham East Sussex BN27 3UW 01323 532048 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Serv Battle East Sussex TN33 0EX 01424 775599 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Serv Lewes East Sussex BN7 2LP 01273 486048 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Serv Newhaven East Sussex BN9 9QX 01273 513574 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Serv Hailsham East Sussex BN27 1AD 01323 841103 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Services Mental Health Peacehaven East Sussex BN10 8BB 01273 585750 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Services Playlinks Dunbar Dv Stone Cross Pevensey East Sussex BN24 5EB East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Serv Eastbourne East Sussex BN23 8BH 01323 460450 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Serv Eastbourne East Sussex BN22 0UE 01323 521400 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Services Resource Centres Eastbourne East Sussex BN22 0UT 01323 532330 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Serv Eastbourne BN23 8BL 01323 762024 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Serv Eastbourne East Sussex BN21 1SL 01323 532215 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Services Youth Offending Se Newhaven East Sussex BN9 9LD 01273 513801 Kent County Council Social Services Department Children amp Families Service After Care Services 16 Plus Tower Pde St. Lawrence Ramsgate Kent CT5 1AB 01227 281897 Kent County Council Social Services Department Children amp Families Service After Care Services St. Lawrence Ramsgate Kent CT11 0QG 01843 589296 Kent County Council Social Services Department Children amp Families Service Area Offices St. Peters Broadstairs Kent CT10 3JJ 01732 525000 Kent County Council Social Services Department Children amp Families Service Fostering Service Aberdeen Ho Ramsgate Kent CT11 9ST 01843 570003 Kent County Council Social Services Department Children amp Families Service Fostering Service Aberdeen Ho Margate Kent CT9 1DS 01843 570003 Kent County Council Multi Agency Service Mortimer House Hartsdown Rd Margate Kent CT9 5QT 01843 256250 Kent County Council Social Services Department Children amp Families Service Young Offenders' Teams Apollo House Chapel Pl Ramsgate Kent CT11 9SA 01303 224289 Kent County Council Social Services Department Children amp Families Service Young Offenders' Teams Apollo House Chapel Pl Ramsgate Kent CT11 9SA 01843 587976 Kent County Council Social Services Department Children amp Families Service Young Offenders' Teams Avenue Of Remembrance Sittingbourne Kent ME10 4DD 01795 473333 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Services St. Leonards-on-Sea East Sussex TN37 6LW 01424 723100 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Services Accommodation Services St. Leonards-on-Sea East Sussex TN37 7HD 01424 751323 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Services Fieldwork Teams St. Leonards-on-Sea East Sussex TN37 6LW 01424 723095 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Serv Crowborough East Sussex TN6 1AR 01892 653404 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Serv Battle East Sussex TN33 0XB 01424 774355 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Serv St. Leonards-on-Sea East Sussex TN37 6LW 01424 723108 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Services Fostering amp Adoption St. Leonards-on-Sea East Sussex TN37 6LW 01424 723105 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Services Mental Health Holmesdale Gdns Uckfield East Sussex TN22 5AW 01424 213099 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Serv Bexhill-on-Sea East Sussex TN39 3LB 01424 213099 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Serv St. Leonards-on-Sea East Sussex TN37 7RD 01424 758135 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Serv Uckfield East Sussex TN22 5AW 01825 766964 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Services Playlinks St. Leonards-on-Sea East Sussex TN38 9TW 01424 854008 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Serv Hastings East Sussex TN34 3JE 01424 718511 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Serv St. Leonards-on-Sea East Sussex TN38 9TE 01424 853334 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Services Resource Centre 130 Dorset Rd Bexhill-on-Sea East Sussex TN40 2HT 01825 762635 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Serv 1 Manor Clo Uckfield East Sussex TN22 1DL 01825 762635 East Sussex County Council Social Services Department NOT Social Security Children amp Families Services Youth Offending Servic Hastings East Sussex TN34 1DJ 01424 446396 Kent County Council Social Services Department Children amp Families Service Adoption amp Fostering 17 King's Av Kings Hill West Malling Kent ME19 4UL 01732 525000 Dorset County Council Social Care amp Health Children's Information Service Acland Rd Dorchester Dorset DT1 1SH 01305 228444 Dorset County Council Social Care amp Health Day Centres For Children amp Families Cromwell Rd Weymouth Dorset DT4 0JH 01258 473932 Dorset County Council Social Care amp Health Day Centres For Children amp Families Cromwell Rd Weymouth Dorset DT4 0JQ 01305 784764 Devon County Council Social Services Children amp Families Dartington Totnes Devon TQ9 6EB 01271 388660 Devon County Council Social Services Children amp Families Ivybridge Devon PL21 0AX 01803 869300 Devon County Council Social Services Children With Special Needs Exeter Exeter Devon EX2 4QJ 01392 384444 Devon County Council Social Services Children With Special Needs Tiverton Devon EX16 4ND 01884 258206 Coventry Childrens Contact Centre Whitworth Avenue Coventry West Midlands CV3 1EP 024 76449555 Leicestershire County Council Social Care Services Childrens/Community Homes 96 St. Mary's Rd Wigston Leicestershire LE16 7DX 01858 438200 Leicestershire County Council Social Services Dept Childrens/Community Homes 43 London Rd Coalville Leicestershire LE67 3JB 01530 839808 Leicestershire County Council Social Services Dept Childrens/Community Homes 96 St. Mary's Rd Market Harborough Leicestershire LE16 7DX 01858 438200 Sutton Bonington amp Normanton Social Service Association Swan Ct The Paddocks Sutton Bonington Loughborough Leicestershire LE12 5NG 01509 673474 Calderdale Council Children amp Young People Care Services Initial Referral amp Response Team 1 Park Rd Halifax West Yorkshire HX3 5QG 01422 244558 Calderdale Council Social Services Children's Services Halifax West Yorkshire HX1 1YR 01422 305539 Calderdale Council Social Services Children's Services Halifax West Yorkshire HX1 2TS 01422 393849 Calderdale Council Social Services Children's Services Park Rd Halifax West Yorkshire HX1 2EB 01422 393882 Calderdale Council Social Services Children's Services Park Rd Halifax West Yorkshire HX1 2EB 01422 393849 Calderdale Council Social Services Children's Services Halifax West Yorkshire HX2 8DQ 01422 244113 Calderdale Council Social Services Children's Services Elland West Yorkshire HX5 0ER 01422 373491 Calderdale Council Social Services Children's Services Elland West Yorkshire HX5 0ER 01422 372254 Calderdale Council Social Services Children's Services Halifax West Yorkshire HX1 2EB 01422 394137 Calderdale Council Social Services Children's Services Elland West Yorkshire HX5 0QA 01422 373097 Kirklees Metropolitan Council Social Services Children amp Families Services Huddersfield West Yorkshire HD1 2PL 01484 225741 Kirklees Metropolitan Council Social Services Children amp Families Services Dispersed Housing Schemes Town Hall Cross St Slaithwaite Huddersfield West Yorkshire HD7 5AF 01484 222548 Kirklees Metropolitan Council Social Services Children amp Families Services Dispersed Housing Schemes Meadow Vw Scissett Mount Scissett Huddersfield West Yorkshire HD8 9JU 01484 222903 Kirklees Metropolitan Council Social Services Children amp Families Services Church St Huddersfield West Yorkshire HD1 1DD 01484 226263 Derbyshire County Council Social Services Department Children's Centres 125c Market St Clay Cross Chesterfield Derbyshire S45 9LX 01246 348734 Derbyshire County Council Social Services Department Children's Centres Clay Cross Chesterfield Derbyshire S45 9LX 01246 348705 Darlington Borough Council Social Services Department Residential Establishments Children Darlington County Durham DL1 2AN 01325 362293 Darlington Borough Council Harewood House 14 Harewood Hill Darlington County Durham DL3 7HY 01325 352834 Durham County Council Social Services Department Residential Establishments Children Young People 51 Attlee Est Tow Law Bishop Auckland County Durham DL13 4LG 01388 730307 Durham County Council Social Services Department Residential Establishments Children Young People 22 Moorside Middlestone Moor Spennymoor County Durham DL16 7EA 01388 814610 Durham County Council Social Services Department Residential Establishments Children Young People 7A South Rd High Etherley High Etherley Bishop Auckland County Durham DL14 0HZ 01388 835480 Hartlepool Borough Council Social Services Department Children amp Families Service Children's Homes 198 Flint Walk Hartlepool Cleveland TS26 0TL 01429 273132 Hartlepool Borough Council Social Services Department Children amp Families Service Homes For Children with Disabilities 16 Exmoor Grove Hartlepool Cleveland TS26 0XE 01429 232634 Hartlepool Borough Council Social Services Department Children amp Families Service Young Persons Service 85 Station Lane Hartlepool Cleveland TS25 1DX 01429 275144 Gateshead Council Community Based Services Social Services Childrens Community Homes 37 Hallgarth Gateshead Tyne And Wear NE10 8XJ 0191 4132711 Gateshead Council Community Based Services Social Services Childrens Community Homes East Park Rd Gateshead Tyne And Wear NE9 5AX 0191 4787124 Gateshead Council Community Based Services Social Services Childrens Community Homes 37 Hallgarth Gateshead Tyne And Wear NE10 8XJ 0191 4692747 Gateshead Council Social Services Children's Community Homes Hospital Based Teams Queen Elizabeth Hospital Gateshead Tyne And Wear NE9 6SX 0191 4032200 Halton Borough Council Social Services Children's Services The Butts Castlefields Runcorn Cheshire WA7 2LH 01928 561591 Halton Borough Council Social Services Children's Services The Butts Castlefields Runcorn Cheshire WA7 2LH 01928 561591 Halton Borough Council Social Services Children's Services Castlefields Runcorn Cheshire WA7 2LH 01928 704423 Information Home About Us Advertise Blog Privacy Policy Terms of Use Sitemap Bookmark MoreUK Categories Back To Top copy Copyright 2011 BT Directories Limited This page was last modified on May 27 2011 08 21 You can find Social Services in England using our business directory Back To Navigation SSI/SSDI Retirement Social Security Adm. $ Income $ Learning Center Change Your Life Get it For Less Get Financial Help Don't rely on your Social Security Add $100-$200 a week to your benefits The Lack of Social Security in Victorian England George P. Landow Professor of English and Digital Culture National University of Singapore Victorian Web Home mdash > Political History mdash > Social History mdash > The Industrial Revolution mdash > Economics mdash > Victorian Work As Eric Hobsbawm reminds us the government of Victorian England did not protect English men women and children from the personal economic disaster created by unemployment. Unlike citizens of modern industrialized nations the Victorian who lost his or her job did not receive any help from government. In an economic world just a little removed from a pre-industrial pre-capitalist one in which traditional relations between master and worker were the norm no government or representative of government provided paid unemployment allowances gave assistance in securing another job or arranged and funded job retraining When workers lost their employment which they might do at the end of the job of the week of the day or even of the hour mdash they had nothing to fall back upon except their savings their friendly society or trade union their credit with local shopkeepers their neighbours and friends the pawnbroker or the Poor Law which was still the only public provision for what we now call social security. When they grew old or infirm they were lost unless helped by their children for effective insurance or private pension schemes covered only a few of them. Nothing is more characteristic of working-class life and harder for us to imagine today than this virtually total absence of social security. 133 The perilous condition of the working classes explains why William Hale White Frederich Engels Charles Kingsley and many others all compare their existence to a shipwrecked sailor trying to keep his head above water mdash alone without help without hope. Such lack of adequate sources of assistance in times of economic crisis also explains the intense middle-class fear of becoming bankrupt . Of course as Hobsbawm makes clear however much unemployed workers lacked governmental support they did have some assistance in the form of networks of family and friends pawnshops private charities credit with shopkeepers unions and similar organizations. Why do you think Victorian workers did not have access to pension funds annuities or unemployment insurance Why did it take so long for the English government to assume responsibilities for workers and other individuals What fundamental social political and even religious attitudes had to change before the national government would consider involving itself in such forms of social welfare References Hobsbawm Eric. Industry and Empire The Birth of the Industrial Revolution . rev. ed. New York New Press 1999. Last modified 11 October 2002 Skip to content Social Security Online History socialsecurity.gov Home FAQs Contact Us Text Size Search History Home Guide To Social Security ARCHIVES Chapter 1 Revolving Files The Revolving Files are our largest collection of core research materials. There are three types of folders in the Revolving Files person files subject matter files and organizational files. There are four revolving units subdivided into carriers. Each carrier contains approximately 10 liner feet of material. At this point there is no descriptive information of the content of the individual folders. This is only an inventory of the folders. Thus it indicates what subjects/persons we have some material about but it does not indicate the extent or volume of that material. Revolving Files Unit L1 Carrier #1- People Files The quot People Files quot is a listing of all individuals on whom we have a folder of material. The contents of these folders is not available and they can vary in size from hundreds of pages to only one or two. The folders may contain photographs as well as textual material. Abraham Arthur Abruzzo Ben Ackerman Ernest Adcock Francis N. A'hearn Leonard W. Ainsworth Robert Albrecht Wayne Alford Huston Alpern Lawrence Altman Gerald Amborn Philip Amin Nagib Anderson John Anderson Robert Andrews John B. Apfel Kenneth S. Aristides Harduvel Armstrong Barbara Arnaudo David Aronson E.E. Aronson Henry Arthur Edward Ashcraft Gary D. Ashe B.F. Asquith Herbert H. Austin Mary E. Avery Sherwood H. Bache Barbara Bader Eleanor J. Baer Martin E. Bain Wendell H. Baker Carl L. Baker Louis J. Bakke E. Wright Ball Robert M. Folder 1 Ball Robert M. Photos Ballantyne Harry L. Ballew Carol Balthazar Joseph Bane Frank Banning Paul Darrell Barnes Paul Barnes Ted Barnhart nee Ross Jo Anne B. Barnette R.M. Barney Marshall H. Barr Jessica Bartlett Dwight K. III. Bartlett Ewell T. Bary Helen Valeska Batzell Paul E. Bauer Julian Baum Walter Beach Charles F. Bearden Wendell H. Beasley Robert W. Beck Wilbur Becker Irving Beckett Katie Bedingfield W. David Bedwell Beverly A. Bedwell Theodore C. Jr. Belcher J. Warren Bell Louis Benjamin Mandel Benner Arthur J. Bennet Chauncy Jr. Bennett Paul E. Berger Victor L. Bergsten James L. Berkowitz Edward D. Berman Harris Berman Julius Berstein David Beveridge Robert E. Bicknell Forest B. Bigge George E. Bingham Robert P. Bismarck Otto Von Blaha Henery C. Blakeslee Ruth O. Blomgren Joseph E. Bluett John E. Blumenfeld Herbert L. Blumenthal Melvin Boam John T. Bodden George D. Boltinghouse Llyle L. Bolton - Smith Carlile Bone Frederick W. Bonin Raymond W. Bonnet Phillip D. Bontz Rita Borden Enid Borgen Herb Borgen I. Herbert Borges Charles F. Bortz Abe Bost Howard L. Bosti James T. Bourne Elliott Bowen Ofis R. Bowman John Boyd Gerald L. Bracy Joseph Bradley Eileen Brandchaft Harry Branham Richard E. Bredenberg Karl Brees Eugene W. Brehn Henry Brewer Lyman H. Brice Maurice O. Brickenkamp Frederick Bridges Benjaman Brittingham Harold Broadway Thomas C. Brody Goldie Brooks George Broome Victor Brosius Charles Brown Alvin G. Brown - Hopkins Audrey Brown Irwin S. Brown J. Douglas Brown James D. Brown James M. Brown Philip T. Brown Richard C. Brown Sara Browne James G. Bruce Thomas M. Bruner Carl Bruns Donald J. Bryant Ronald Buck Jr. Frank H. Buell Bobbie Buffington John Buhler Ernest O. Burgess Wayne Burke Michael Burns Desmond Burns Eveline M. Burr Harold S. Burton Ernest R. Bush George Butler Carol D. Butler Trish Bye Herman Byers Elvin P. Bynum Robert Calhoon James L. Califano Joseph A. Jr. Callahan John J. Callison James C. Campbell John R. Carlucci Frank Cantor Eddie Cardozo Benjamin N. Cardwell James B. Carlson Lenore R. Carmony Joseph Carpenter Chester Carpenter J. Reed Carpenter Martin F. Carroll John J. Carter Douglas Carter Eugene C. Carter James E. Celebreezze Anthony Champ Donald E. Chase James Chassman Deborah A. Chater Shirley S. Chen Y.P. Childs Andria Chin Leslie S. Chodoff Peter Christensen Horace Christgau Victor Cindrich Joseph Ciulla Andrew Clague Ewan Clarke Mildred Clearman Wilfred J. Clemmer Bennie Clinite Clinton William J. Coady Edward R. Coakley Joseph H. Cobb Winston Cochrane Cornelius Cochrane L.J. Cogan Ben Cohen Eloise Cohen Joel Cohen Louis C. Cohen Stephen B. Cohen Wilbur J. Folder 1 Cohen Wilbur J. Folder 2 Cohen Wilbur J. Photos Coll Blanche D. Colletta Camillo E. Collins Bettye Collins Maurice Columbus Joseph C. Colvin Carolyn Commissioners amp Board Members Photos Commons Ellen M. Commons John R. Cook Cecil Cook H. Dale Cooper Heyman C. Cooper William F. Cooter John H. Corbett Leo Cornish Clem Corre Joseph Corson John J. Cote Charles Cotton Paul Couchod B. Carlton Coughlin Charles E. Father Couper Walter J. Covey Lucille V. Coy Wayne Coyne Brian D. Cozens Gayle Crabbe Buster Crank Sandy Cummins William H. Creech Herbert C. Crenson Charlotte Cresswell William Cronin Bernard J. Cronin Michael A. Crooks Hank Crosby Reg Crouch Sam Crowell Benedict Cruikshank Nelson H. Cullen Francis J. Cumming Roger Cummings Homer S. Cummins Jack Dahm Carl H. Dalbey Gertrude Dapper Nancy J. Darby Chester C. Daum Harry Davenport Clifton E. David Alvid M. Davis J. Davis Rhoda M.G. Davis Ronald L. Davis Russell Davis Sue Dawson William F. Degeorge Frank Dehn Glen Delehey William Dell'acqua Frank Delle Bovi Charles J. Del Rosso Raymond De Lucas Louis J. De Maar Michael H. Derthick Martha A. De Sanctis Anthony De Schweinitz Elizabeth M. De Schweinitz Karl Detweiler Marie Deutch Jacob Devine Donald E. Deviny John J. Dewberry Maurice D. DeWitt Larry Dewson Mary W. Diamonnd Lee Di Benedetto Philip J. Dickel G. Karl Dickerson Horace L. Dierdorff Curtis L. Digiogio Edmond Disman Bea Dill William L. Dimaio Adam Dipalo Ernie Dipentima Renato Disturco Peter Doerer Donald E. Doggette Herbert R. Jr. Dooley Wally Donkar Eli Donnelly Glenna Dorr L. Wesley Dopkin Lee Dotterer Harold Dowd Kenneth G. Dowling Delmar Drain James A. Driver William J. Drummond Alfred Duey Glen W. Duey Joseph Dulles Eleanor Lansing Dunaway Emmett Dunn Howard Dunn Loula F. Dunn Robert Duvall Robert Duzor Deidre Dwyer Charles E. Dye Larry Dyer John R. Dykes Lew Edberg Howard O. Eidman Alberta A. Eife Frank W. Eisinger Richard A. Eisenhower Dwight D. Eliot Thomas H. Ellickson Katherine P. Ellison James Embry Leland Emerson Thomas I. Engle Lavina Enoff Louis D. Epstein Abraham Epstein Lenore Ercole John Erfle Anne M. Erisman Charles M. Ermatinger William C. Evans Roger F. Evans - Young Trevor Everett Paul Ewing Oscar R. Factor Harris Failla George Folder 1 Failla George Folder 2 Falk Isidore S. Farley Alice Faulhaber Edwin Fay Donald E. Fay Eugene C. Fay Joseph L. Feder Goldie Fenn Kathryn D. Fenwick Robert Ferguson Carroll D. Fey Herman Fichtner Jason Finch Robert H. Fine Harold D. Finegar Wayne W. Firth Velma Fisher Gilbert C. Fisher Paul Fishman Harold Fitch William Fitzpatrick Frank Flemming Arthur S. Flynn Robert Focarelli Dominick Foertschbeck Margaret Folsom Marion B. Fontenot Kenneth Forand Aime J. Forbus James E. Ford Gerald Foster Richard S. Fraker Robert Francfort Alfred Frank Charlotte Franklin Charles L. Frazier Leon P. Freedman Al Freedman Milton Friedel Samuel N. Friedman Everett M. Friedman George Friend Hilton W. Freund Jules Friedenberg Irwin Frizzera John Frizzell R. Elmer Frost Edward J. Fuller Ida M. Fuller Ida M. Photos Fuller Ida M. Fullerton William D. Fulmer George Fussell Richard Futterman Jack Futterman Jack Photos Gambino Phillip Gahan Arleen H. Gallaghe George J. Galley Richard W. Galvin William Gannon J. Dean Ganzhorn Michael W. Gardner Glenn Gardner John W. Garrison Charlie Garro Diane Baker Garvin Lois H. Gasser Paul R. Gaughan Kathleen Gaus Clifton R. Geier Rita Gellhorn Walter George John A. Gerig Daniel Gift Howard Gilfillan John I. Gillespie Jack Gilmore Peter H. Ginski Susan Girdner Ted Gluck George Gnagey Gloe N. Goetz Byron E. Goins Martin A. Goldberg Harold Goldstein Anita T. Goldstein Jack Goldstein Norman M. Goldwater Barry Senator Gonya Donald Gonzales Andy Gonzalez Rick Good Gary Gooden Leza Goodman Leslie Goodspeed John Goodwin Kathryn D. Gore Albert Gorman William Gould Jane G. Graham Frank P. Graham Mack L. Graham Thurston M. Gralton Philip J. Gray Frederick L. Gray Thomas V. Gray William Green Robert C. Greenberg Arthur Grenville Thomas N.E. Gribbin Joseph A. Grochowski Michael Grogan John J. Gross Clifford R. Gross John E. Gruber Herbert Gunn Sherman Guolo Ely C. Al Haas James R. Haber Lawrence Habersham Myrtle S. Haddow C. McClain Hagan Doyle D. Hagen Harry Haggerty James V. Hall Alice Hall Carl C. Hall Norman P. Hallock Harris Halsey Olga S. Halter William A. Hambor John Hamer Sara Hamilton Walton H. Hammond Gus Shoe Shine Hampton John L. Hanna William E. Hannings Robert B. Hansen Alvin H. Harding Farrell Harding Gene Hardy Dorcas R. Hardy Idella Harper Heber R. Harrington Frank B. Harrington Morton O. Harris Joseph P. Harris Patricia R. Harris Robert C. Harrison George M. Harrison Gladys A. Harrison Pat Hart Thomas P. Haskins Barbara S. Hawkes Phillip Hawkins Donald A. Hayes James D. Hayes Theodore Hayes Verna Hays Louis B. Hearn Saul D. Heaton Donald H. Hecker Edwin Heckler Margaret M. Hedrick Travis Heller Robert N. Helms Myrtle A. Henderson John Hendricks Lawrence E. Henigson Steven Henseler Bart Hensler Clifton P. Herrera Peter V. Jr. Hess Arthur E. Hess Arthur E. Photos Hess Eugene C. Hewitt Paul Hildenberg Evelyn B. Hill Donald B. Hinckley Jean Hall Hingeley Joseph B. Jr. Hinkle William H. Hinkson Edward D. Hinson Tom Hobby Oveta Culp Hodben Sid Hodges Leroy Hoey Jane Hohaus Reinard A. Hohman Helen F. Holladay James E. Holland Harry Hollister Clayton J. Holmes Vivian Holmes William J. Jr. Hopkins Harry L. Horlick Max Hosford Lee Hoyas John Hsiao William C. Hughes Aaron J. Hughes Thomas Sr. Hulcher Bosworth Humphrey Hubert H. Hunt Faith Hunter Fay Hurley John Hurt Burnell Hurwitz David S. Huse James G. Jr. Huse Robert E. Hutchinson Gerald E. Hutchinson Mary H. Hytner Erv People Files Carrier #2- Ichniowski Francis C.J. Immerwahr George Irons Warren B. Irwin W.A. Ives Ralph F. Jabine Thomas B. Jackson Eddie Jackson Yvette Jadlos William Jalbert Russell James Reginald Jefferies Arthur L. Jeffers James Jenkins Dave Jenkins George L. Jensen Theodore Jeter Helen R. Johnakin Richard Johnson Alfred Clarke Johnson Burke Jr. Johnson Hugh Johnson Lyndon B. Johnson Martin Johnson Milton R. Johnson Robert Johnson Robert H. Joleson David Jones Charles D. Jones Dorothy A. Jones Larry Jones Wilson C. Jordan Raymond Juni Sarah M. Kahn David Kahn Alercia Kapriva Frank Kearney Frank Keehner Joseph Keller Hunter L. Keller Marie Kellogg Paul Kelly Joseph J. Kendall Wallace Kennan E.J. Kennedy John F. Kennedy Stephen Kerns Norman Kershner Isaac S. Kessler Joseph Kieffer Jarold A. Kimball Arthur A. King Gwendolyn S. KING MARTIN LUTHER JR. Kinzer Paul G. Kirchner Richard F. Kirschbaum Elliot A. Kissko James A. Klenklen Robert L. Kobayashi Lynette H. Koch Marjorie Kochman Leon A. Koenig Samuel Kohler Al Kolb Don Kolodkin Marvin Koontz Joe L. Kooreman Bill Kopelman David L. Koplow David Kovacs Joseph S. Jr. Krabbe Carla Kramer Ed Krebs Robert E. Kreek Albert Kreps Sol Kretz George R. Krute Aaron Kuhle Albert Kumar Dinesh Kunning Chester Kurtz Milton W. Ladouceur Theodore A. Lambert Dewey Lampron Harold Lancaster David Landes Morton S. Landon Alfred M. Lange Louis Langford Elizabeth Lannon Edwin R. Lars Myra M. Larsen Lawrence E. Larson Kathleen B. Larson Neota Latimer Murray Folder 1 Latimer Murray Folder 2 Lattner Sam Lavere William Lazarus Louis Leeper Lucius W. Leibovitz Sid Lenane Antonia L. Lenroot Katharine Leonard Edwin Lepore Rose M. Lessing Ronald Leton Mercia Leuenberger C.C. Leuchtenburg William E. Levine Manny Levinson Bernard Lewis David J. Lewis David Lichtenstein Charles Lieberman Huldah Lilly Robert A. Lipinski Boris Listerman Ellisworth Littley John J. Litwin Theodore S. Liu Jeffrey Loble Lester H. Long Huey Lott Michael E. Love Nat Loving Joy Lowe George Lowrey Perrin Lowrie Kathleen J. Lunsford Foy C. Lunz Charles M. Lupton Elmer C. Lynn Jesse McAllister Lambert McCamant Jay McCarthy Richard McCarthy T.H. McClernan Robert F. McConnachie John A. McCormack E.J. McCoy Pete McDonald A.K. McDonald Ed McDonald Francis J. McDonald John J. McDonald Roger McDonald Thomas A. Jr. McDougal Francis McElvain Joseph E. McFadden Ed McGehee Hugh McGruder Orlando McGuinn James J. McGuire Ellen McHale Jack McKenna Hugh F. McKenzie John A. McKinnon Leona V. McMahon Linda McNutt Paul V. McSteen Martha A. McTernan Hugh Macioch David Mack Elizabeth Mack Jacob J. Macks Solomon Maddox Warren Maher Joseph T. Mahoney William A. Makoff Brian Maloney Charles Manzano Jamie L. Mandel Benjamin J. Mandell Marshall S. Manson Grace Marchetti March A.P. Marder Robert D. Marley James B. Marquardt Roy K. Marquis Jim Marshall Frederick Mason Robert D. Massanari Larry G. Martin James Matarazzo James V. Matejik Frank Mather John Mathews F. David May Geoffrey Mayer John Mayne Robert M. Maze John M. Melville Edward Merriam Ida C. Merrill George Mesterharm D. Dean Meyers Gus Meyers Joseph H. Michener John Milburn H. Norman Jr. Miles Vincent M. Miller Tom Miller Watson B. Mings Donald Minnich Bob Mitchell Byron Mitchell Helen Mitchell Kimberlee Mitchell William L. Mode Walter Moleski Marlene M. Moley Raymond Monk Carl Monkevich Edward A. Montgomery Newton Moog Bill Moore E. Thomas Jr. Moore Edward F. Moore John C. Morgenthau Henry Jr. Moriarty George W. Morin Henry W. Morrison Malcolm H. Morrissey Ruth A. Mortenson Jim Mueller Edward A. Mueller Richard Muffolett Joseph Mulholland Elizabeth Mullane Jack Mullen Robert C. Mulliner Maurine Munnell Alicia H. Murray James W. Murray Merrill G. Myers Robert J. Folder 1 Myers Robert J. Folder 2 Myers Robert J. Folder 3 Myers Bob Folder 4 Myers Robert J. Photos Myers Samuel E. Naftilan Seymour Naver Michael Nease James H. Needham Edward V. Neely John Neisen S. Allen Nelson Rudolph L. Neubauer Robert Neustadt Richard Newman Eva Nibali Kenneth Nicholls Herbert Nichols Fred Z. Nicol Edward V. Nielsen Clyde Nixon Richard M. Noland Doris Norvell Lynn E. O'Beirne James J. O'Beirne Margaret S. O'Brien Angela O'Brien Edward J. O'Brien Phil O'Connell Harold O'Connell Marilyn O'Connor John T. O'Dell Arthur E. Jr. O'Dowd James D. Ogden Levi O'Hare Mary O #8217 Hare Thomas J. Ohki Evelyn S. Olds Lewis W. Ohlbaum Stanley N. O'Leary Charles O'Mara James B. Orchard Claude R. Orshansky Mollie Oritz Lydia Ossen Jay J. Osward Lee Harvey O'Toole Richard Ourbacher S.N. Overs Harty Owens Patricia Oxley Lawrence Ozarowski Anthony J. Packer Harold Paine Thomas Pappas Jack J. Parent Alcide J. Paris Ian Parker Glowacki R. Parker George H. Parrott Thomas C. Passig Letitia D. Pasternak Phillip Paton Roger G. Patt Henry Paul William R. Pearson John Peddicord Robert C. Pederson Raymond Penfield Scott R. Percy John R. Perger Edward Perkins Frances Perlman Gerald Perlman Jacob Perrin "Pete" Lowrey Peters John Philipowitz Michael G. Phillips Webster Pierce Ruth A. Pierce Walter N. Pigman Nathaniel M. Jr. Pine Robert A. Platt Herman Pleines Walter W. Podhajsky Edward C. Podoff David Poen Monte M. Poetker David Pogge Oscar C. Ponsi Louis Ponzi Charles Popick Bernard Porter G. Hinckley Postow Benjamin Potter Charles F. Powell Barry L. Powell Kessler Powell Oscar M. Preissner James Prestianni Sam R. Pribam Karl Probst Harry E. Projector Dorothy Prokop Jan Quinn Elizabeth Rackley Lloyd E. Rainey Glenn W. Ranahan M. Margaret Rawson George E. Reagan Ronald W. Read Bill Reavis Ben Rector Joseph Rector Stanley Reed John Register Wayman E. Rehbehn John E. Reid Robert M. Reillo Ron Resnick Louis Reticker Ruth Rhoades Peggy Rhodes Linda Colvin Ribicoff Abraham Rice Charles E. Rice Dorothy P. Rich Julius Rich Stuart Richardson Elliot L. Richardson John F. Richeson Jerry Richter Otto C. Riegler Eugene J. Riley John Rini Vince Rivers William Roberson Tim Robertson A. Haeworth Robinson Robert Robinson Richard Robinson Thomas Roche Josephine Rockfeller Nelson A. Roemich William Dr. Rogers Fred Rogers Fred Photos Rohrback Dan Roland Howard Roney Jay L. Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Photos Roosevelt Theodore Roseman Alvin J. Rosenberg Anna M. Rosenthal A. Rosenthal Paul Judge Ross Jane Ross Mary E. Ross Stanford G. Rosse Edward Rothenberg Robert Rouse Bertram Rubin Sheldon Rubinow Isaac M. Rubinstein Walter Rucker James Rudolph Walter Ruesch Sherman Rukamp Dan Rumsey Leland C. Rust David A. Ryan Charles Rydstrom Marsha Sabatini Edmond Sabatini Nelson Sackel Morris B. Sadler Rowena Saggett Jan St. John John B. Salinas Guadalupe Salvagno Ralph G. Sambuco Edmund Sanders Barkev Sanders Elizabeth G. Salterback John Saunders William Sayers Ronald Scarangella Jack Schaeffer Steven Schanzer Benjamin Scheuren Frederick Schienteck Matt Schmulowitz Jacob Schorr Alvin Schnackenberg Barbara Schottland Charles I. Schreibeis Charles J. Schuck Richard Schuck Stuart Schuefer Walter Schuette Paul Schultz Daniel L. Schumer Henry Schutzman Fred Schwartz John Schweiker Richard S. Scully John Seager Henry R. Seatter Donald E. See Jim Seideman Henry P. Seitz Clarence Sewall Joe Shaffer Robert C. Shaffer WM Donald Shalala Donna Shandelson Harry R. Shappee Margaret Shaw John A. Shaw W.F. Sheehan Grant R. Sheel Floyd H. Sheild Lewis Sheinbach Jerry Shepherd Dick Sherman Gordon M. Shofer Pat Sholl Ester Shortley Michael J. Shreve Charles Siegel Harold Sikora Don Sikora Fran Silver Hinda Simermeyer Arthur Simmons Carolyn Simmons Edwin C. Simmons Paul B. Singleton Elizabeth Sinofsky Howard Skinner Eugene Skoler Daniel Skolnik Alfred M. Sledge Barbara S. Slichter Sumner H. Small David T. Smith Charles Smith David B. Smith Frank Smith George Smith George P. Jr. Smith Harley. Smith Jim Smith Robert M. Smith Terrence Smith Sam Smoot Milton Snee John A. Snurr Grayson Snyder Don Snyder Herbert Jr. Solomon Gerald Sopper Dale W. Sorrells William C. Sotsky William C. Spates William R. Spencer Peter Spitler Carl E. Sprol Samuel J. Spry Richard G. Stahl Mary G. Staples Thomas Statham Walter Staten Francis A. Stead William H. Steiger Sidney M. Steinberg Joseph Steiner Paul C. Steinhorn Lillie Stermole Leo A. Stern Jean Stern Max Steward Joan Stickell Edward E. Stillwell Dick Stocking Collis Stokes Goodrich Stolar Myer H. M.D. Stone Donald C. Stoops Lowell Strand Ivar E. Sr. Stump Jr. John S. Stunkel Eva R. Sullivan Louis W. M.D. Sung Tina Surgies Armin Sutcliffe Donald C. Svahn John A. Swain Allen Sweeney John David Sweet Lennig Swifty Roy L. Switzer Mary E. Sykes Zenas Prof. Taffet Martin Tall Broughton Tallman Ernest W. Tapping Amy Pryor Tate Jack Taylor William B. Taylor William C. Teeters Robert Thomas Clyde Thomas Stewart Thompson Lawrence H. Thompson William E. Teitler Abraham J. Tierney Thomas Tighe Joe Tindale Thomas Keith Titmuss Richard Dr. Tobin Reubin Todd Franklin Toombs Fred Toomey Richard Torrado Miguel Touchet Roy L. Towner Dorothy Townsend Francis Townsend Francis -FBI Files 1 Townsend Francis -FBI Files 2 Trachtenberg Robert L. Tracy Paul J. Trafton George H. Trafton Marie C. Trager Irving Trager Irving Photos Tramburg John William Trapnell Gordon Trattner Leo Triplett Charles Trollinger John Tronolone Theodore N. Trout John H. Trout Peggy Trowbridge Charles L. Troy James Truax Ann Truman Harry S. Tucker C. Wayne Tucker Leonard L. Tully James F. Turkel Harold Tyssowski Mildred Van De Water Paul Van Lare Barry Vaz Manuel Vau Engel Bert Viner Jacob Voige Harry T. Von Rosenberg Charles Wade Harry Waganet R. Gordon Wagenblast John F. Wagner Robert F. Wagy Judd Wainwright Joan Wajda Edward J. Walden David W. Walker Carole Wall Noel D. Wallace Henry A. Wallach Lewis Walsh Kenneth Walters Leon K. Waltz Charles W. Wang Derek Wantland Stanley H. Wanzer Harold Warden Janice Warden Imogene Wasilko Raymond Wasserman Max J. Watman Edward N. Watson Richard Way Elwood J. Webb Paul Webber Scott Webbink Gladys F. Weber Lester O. Weinbaum Burton D. Weinberger Caspar W. Weinrich Paulette Weiss John Wells Al Wence George W. Wendt Sharon West Harold West Howard Wheeler Peter Whisenand Robert A. Whitcher Hilda White Bernice White Carl C. White Frank D. White Herbert White Joseph White Ruth White Wardell Whitney E.S. Whittier Sumner G. Wickenden Elizabeth Wicklein John R. Wilbert Leonard Wilbourne Frank Wilcox Alanson Wilcox Fred M. Wilhelm Don Williams Edward B. Williams Jacob A. Jr. Williams Grant Williams LaVerna Williams Roy F. Jr. Williamson Al Williamson Alfred Williamson James A. Williamson Lamont W. Williamson William R. Wilson Benjamin J. Wilson William B. Winant John G. Wing Charles W. Winston Ellen Dr. Wirth Fred Wise Marshall Witherite Harold C. Witte Ernest F. Wittenmyer Howard I. Wolkstein Irwin Wolfe Leigh S. Wood William E. Woodrow Bill Woodruff Woodrun Rose Woods Mary E. Woodward Ellen Wooton William Work Fred Wortman Don I. Wunsch Melvin H. Wyatt Birchard E. Wyman George K. Wynkoop Roy L. Wysoff Milt Yamamura George S. Ycas Martynas Young Andrew Young Edgar B. Young Fred Young Lloyd Zappacosta Ronald Zawatcky Louis Zuckerman Michael H. Organization Files - Carrier #4 The quot Organization Files quot are documents related to the historical development of the Social Security Administration and its component organizations. These are such things as organizational charts descriptions of component responsibilities identification of officials in various organizations etc. The contents of these folders is not available and they can vary in size from hundreds of pages to only a dozen or so. Organization - 1935/1936 Organization - 1936 Organization - 1937 Organization - 1938 Organization - 1939 Organization - 1940 Organization - 1941 Organization - 1942 Organization - 1943 Organization - 1944 Organization - 1945 Organization - 1946 Organization - 1947 Organization - 1948 Organization - 1949 Organization - 1950 Organization - 1951 Organization - 1952 Organization - 1953 Organization - 1954 Organization - 1955 Organization - 1956 Organization - 1957 Organization - 1958 Organization - SSA -1959 Organization - 1960 Organization - 1961 Organization - 1962 Organization - 1963 Organization - Department amp SSA - 1963 Organization - 1964 Organization - 1965 Organization - 1966 Organization - 1967 Organization - 1968 Organization - 1969 Manpower Utilization Review - 1969 Organization - 1970 Organization - 1971 Organization - 1972 Organization - 1973 Organization of SSI - Study on ADM 1974 Organization - 1974 Organization - 1975 McKenna's Background Material Organization - 1975 Organization - 1976 Organization - 1977 Organization - 1978 Organization - 1979 Organization - 1980 Organization - 1981 Organization - 1982 Organization - 1983 Organization - 1984 Organization - 1985 Organization - 1986 Organization - 1987 Organization - 1988 Organization - 1989 Organization - 1990 Organization - 1991 Organization - 1992 Organization - 1993 Organization - 1994 Organization - 1995 Organization - 1996 Organization - 1997 Organization - 1998 Organization - 1999 Organization - 2000 Organization ndash 2001 Organization ndash 2002 Organization ndash 2003 Organization ndash 2004 Organization ndash 2005 Organization ndash 2006 Organization - Regional Organization - Policy Review Committee Organization - Centralization amp Decentralization - Early Considerations 1936 - 1939 Organization - HDQTRS/Field Relationships Organization and Key Officials Handbook - 1975 Organization Department Bureau of Old Age amp Survivors Insurance Organization Department Organization - History Organization amp Location History Subject Files - Carrier #5 The quot Subject Files quot are our principal collection of archival materials arranged by topic. The contents of these folders is not available and they can vary in size from hundreds of pages to only one or two. A - 76 Accountability Report Actuaries Acus Report Actuary Administration of SSA Administrative Directive System SSA Administrative Expenses Oasi 1940 - 1979 01 1957 - 1979 Administrative Law Judiciary Background Administrative Law Judges - 50 yrs. Advisory Board Social Security Advisory Board Social Security Reports 1997-2001 ALJ Independence ALJ Travel Adjudicative Guides Legislative amp ADM Development ADP Planing ADP Protests Adult Assistance Planning Advertising Council Advisory Councils Advisory Councils Background Advisory Council - 1934 Advisory Council - 1937 Advisory Council - 1938 Advisory Council - 1939 Advisory Council - 1953 Advisory Council - 1957 ADVISORY COUNCIL ON SOCIAL SECURITY-1959 Advisory Council - Health Insurance Advisory Councils - 1938 - 1975 Advisory Council - 1947 Advisory Council - 1963 Advisory Council - 1969 Advisory Council - 1974 Advisory Council - 1974-75 Folder 2 Advisory Council - 1978 Advisory Council - 1982 - 1989 Advisory Council - Disability - 1986 Advisory Council - 1989 -1990 Advisory Council - 1991 Advisory Council - 1994 - 1995 Advisory Council - 1994 - 1996 Affirmative Action AGE OF ELIGIBILITY Agency Strategic Plan ASP Aging Agriculture Aid To Families With Dependent Children AIDS Alien Non-Payment Nestor Case Alternate Work Schedule ALJ Bias Issues ALJ Conduct ALJ Handbook ALJ Hearings ALJ/Appeals - Studies Alternative Pension Schemes Alumni Association Amendments - 1939 Amendments Signing Amendments - 1946 - 1948 Amendments - 1950 Amendments - 1954 Amendments - 1956 Amendments - 1958 Amendments - 1960 Amendments - 1961 Amendments - 1965 Amendments - 1967 Amendments - 1969 Amendments - 1972 Amendments - 1973 Amendments - 1977 Amendments - 1980 Amendments - 1982 Amendments - 1983 Amendments - 1984 Amendments - 1985 Americans Discuss Social Security Americans With Disabilities Act Amish Amish - Old Order Analysis Division - Boasi Anniversary - 10 th Anniversary - 15th Anniversary - 20th 25th Anniversary of the Signing of the Social Security Act Anniversary - 25th Folder 2 25th Anniversary of Bldg. 30th Anniversary 33rd Anniversary 40th Anniversary 45th Anniversary 50th Anniversary Anniversary - 50th - Exhibit Anniversary - 50th Folder 2 Anniversary - 50th - GMU Seminar 60th Anniversary 65th Anniversary-Anniversary Garden 65th Anniversary General 65th Anniversary-Hyde Park Subject Files Carrier #6- AERO Alternative Dispute Resolution Annual Report Historical Annual Financial Statement Annual Report - DHEW Its Function and Ideas for Improvement Annual Report to Congress Annual Stmt. Of Earnings Annual Wage Reporting Annual Wage Reporting APA Appeals Council Appeals Process Appeals Process Applications Applications - Filing Date APPROPIATIONS Appropriations and Personnel Appointments 1938-1939 Appropriations - 1948 Archival Records - Congress Archival Records - SSA Archives Area Offices Assistance amp Service to Enemy Aliens Atlanta Region Attorney Fees Attorney General Origin amp Development of the Office Audio Cassettes Auditt - General Automated Personal Data Systems - Secy's Advisory Committee Awards Ceremony Baby Boomers Backup amp Recovery PI Ball Robert H. Lecture Series Baltimore City Hospitals - History Band/Chorus Baseline 1970 Basic Principles 1941 - 1944 /Basic Questions 1943 - 1945 Basic Program Philosophy - Collection of Materials 1938-1982 Batch Systems Bellmon Amendment Belmont Conference Beneficiary - 1st Jobless Benefit Check Beneficiary - Oldest Beneficiary Rolls - Integrity of Beneficiary Stats Benefits - Administrative Finality Benefits - Application Requirements Benefit Computation - Decoupling Benefit Computation Factors Beneficiaries - Outside the USA Beneficiary - Dependency Beneficiary - 1st To Get Lump Sum Payment In Cents Beneficiary - 1st Monthly Check Beneficiary -1 000 000th-Mary Thompson 1944 Beneficiary - First Minister to Get Check Beneficiary - 1 000 00th DIB Beneficiary - 1st Disability Check Beneficiary - 3 000 000th Widow amp Children Beneficiary - 5 000 000th Beneficiary - 8 000 000th Beneficiary - 10 000 000th Beneficiary - 15 000 000th Beneficiary - 20 000 000th Beneficiary - 24 000 000th Beneficiary - 25 000 000th Beneficiaries - Charter Benefit Computations - The Notch Benefit Computations Benefit Payments - Accuracy Benefits amp Contribution Statement Benefit Lump Sum Death Payment Benefits - Critical Payment System Benefits - Deduction Months Benefits - Month of Attainment Benefits - Payments Abroad Benefits - Presumptive Quarters of Coverage Benefits - Prisoners Benefits - Recomputations Benefits - Wife Benefits - Work Deductions Benefits - Proof of Age for Holocaust Victims Benefits - Proposed Old Age Benefit Plans 1934 - 1935 Benefits - Taxable for IRS Purposes Bicentennial U.S. Constitution Bicentennial - Congress Bigelow Plan Black History in SSA Black Lung Blind SSA Employees Visually Handicapped Bonds - Trust Fund Book of Checks - Futterman Report amp Materials - Dec.1963 Brooks Report Budgeting Buildings - Altmeyer Dedication Buildings - Baltimore Buildings - Butler Buildings - Candler Buildings - Candler Historical Marker Buildings - General Buildings - Hew North Wash. DC. Buildings - Justification for a New Building Buildings - Woodlawn 25th Anniversary Buildings - Wilbur J. Cohen Buildings - HCFA - 1978 Buildings - National Computer Center Buildings - Civic Howard Buildings - Dickinson Buildings - East Buildings - Equitable Buildings - Falconer Buildings - Fallsway Hillen Buildings - Computer Center amp Metro West Buildings - Metro West Paca - Pratt Bldg. Buildings - Government Bldgs. In Washington Washington Non-SSA Buildings - SSA - Washington RM -2-2-8 Photographs - Woodlawn Models RM-2-8 Woodlawn Bldg. - Newspaper Articles Gen. Buildings - Woodlawn Complex Folder 1 Buildings - Woodlawn Complex Folder 2 Buildings - ODIO Buildings - Woodlawn Drive Buildings - National Space Inventory Buildings - PSCS Buildings - 707 Buildings - Veteran's Memorial Buildings - West Buildings - Wilkes Barre Bureau of Employment Security Bureau of Federal Old-Age Benefits Bureau Reports Capacity Computer Cartoon Mats on SS Census Records Center for Retirement Research Reports Central Office Bulletin Central Planning Staff CDRS Case Control Systems Centenarians Beneficiaries CFC Chamber of Commerce Chart Book - VA Channel 55 Checks - Direct Deposit Checks Checkwriting Children - Disability/SSI Children's Bureau Chili China Visit Chinese Delegation 03/29/99 Subject Files Carrier #7- Circular - A -76 Civil Defense Civil Defense in WW II History 8/1/50 Civil Service Reform Act Civil War Pensions South Civilian War Assistance Program CWA Civilian War Benefits Program CWB Claims Folders Claims - Claim Numbers Claims - Lump Sum CMP - Fose Claims Modernization Project Claims Pars Clark Amendment Claims Policy Claims Policy Functions - 1954 Claims Procedures amp Forms 1930s-40s Claims Process Claims Review Study Classification Activities Client Satisfaction Codes - SSA Records Management College Accreditation Colas Combined Wage Reporting Commemorative Postal Card Commissioner New Briefing Material - 1983 Commissioner's Decisions - 1988 Commissioner Decision Commissioner Submittals Commissioners Executive Staff Meeting Reports Committee Management Communist Employer - Effect on Coverage Computations Computations - Old Start Computers Computers Museum Computers for Kids Computer Museum - Milestones of a Revolution Conduct - Standards of Confederate Veterans Confidentiality Privacy-Folder 1 Confidentiality Folder 2 Confidence Report Confidentiality Confidentiality - War Criminals Congress General Congressional Inquiries Guide Congressional Witnesses Information On Consultant Studies Consumer Price Index Copyright - Common Law Continuous 1% of Work History Sample Correspondence with IRS 1937-1939 Correspondence with IRS 1940-1942 County - Business Patterns Courier Social Security Court Cases Nonacquiessence Coverage - Government Employees Coverage - Farmers Coverage - For Ministers Court Cases Cuban Refugee Program CRS Studies 1982 amp 9/1983 Congressional Research Service CRS Studies - 1984 - 1991 CRS Studies - 1992 CRS Studies - 1993 - 1994 CRS Studies - 1995 - 1996 CRS Studies - 1997 CRS Studies - 1998 CRS Studies - 1999 CRS Studies - 2000-2001 Datamation Data Management Day Care DCU DDS Automation Death Benefit - Proof of Death Deaf Death Benefits Death Benefits - Felonious Homocide Death Records Debt Management Decoupling Dedication Ceremonies - New District Office Flushing New York Demographics Dentists - 1st To Get SSN Department Secretary New Briefing Materials -1983 Department History Of Depression - Era Background Material Direct Deposit Direct Deposit - United Kingdom Direct Deposit - Service Unit Directory Historical Disability - Allowance Rates Disability - Appeals - SSA Advocate Representation Disability - Allowance Trends - 1975 Disability - 1st Claimant Disability - Brees Disability Report Disability - Boyd Gerald Disability - Budget Disability Disability Disability History Of Disability History Of Disability - Business Process Disability - Continuing Disability Reviews Disability - Voc amp Dac Disability - Harrison Report - 1960 Disability - Koitz Report - 1977 Disability - Legislative History Disability - Fact Book House Of Representatives Disability - GAO Report - 1959 Disability - 5yr.Progress Report - Hess Disability - DDS Disability Denials Disability - CDI - 1982 Disability - Index of Files in ODO Disability - Medical Consultant Staff Disability - Medical Advisory Committee Disability - Medical Evidence Disability - Medical Improvement Disability Models Briefing Disability - Myths of Disability Disability DCP Report on Modern Disability Modernized System DISABILITY- PREEFFECTUATION REVIEWS Disability Process Redesign DISABILITY-PAIN Disability - Program Analysis - Work Group Report - 1977 Disability - Progress Report - 1985 Disability - Protection Offered - Issue Paper - 1973 Disability - Reference Materials Disability Studies Disability - State Agencies - DDS Disability Studies II Disability - Suspension Temporary of CDI'S - 1984 Disability Task Force - 1980 Disabiltiy- Ticket To Work DISABILITY-VOCATIONAL FACTORS Disability - Workload Realignment to PSCIA Aged 62-64 Disability - Workloads Disabled - National amp International Years Disabled Worker Beneficiaries Disabled Workers Disaster Procedure Disaster Response Subject Files Carrier #8- Disclosure Policy Distribution Lists District Offices - Boundary Lines 1936 District Offices - Personnel Selections amp Locations 1936 District Offices - "Closings" District Office - Managers District Office - Regional Distribution Facilities Report District Office - Adjudication District Office - Classification District Office - Classification District Offices - Federal Field Structure Assessment District Offices Field MGRS Conference Reg. IX - 1938 District Offices - Final Authorization of Claims District Office - GAO Report District Offices - Metropolitan Branch Office Guide - 1968 District Offices - Manpower Utilization District Office - Mobility Policy District Offices - Service Area Review District Offices - Reclassification 1936 District Office Work Enhancement Project DOWEP District Office Work Sampling Project District Offices Workload Reports District Offices - Establishment District amp Branch Office Locations amp Managers - 4/3/37 District Offices - Historical Miscellaneous District Offices - Arkansas District Office - California Long Beach District Office - California Oakland District Office - Florida Fort Lauderdale District Office - Florida Orlando District Office - Illinois Joliet District Office - Indiana Gary District Office - Iowa Des Moines District Office - Kansas Topeka District Office - Michigan Highland Park District Office - NH. - Manchester District Office - Hackensack NJ. District Office - Ohio Columbus District Office - Toledo Ohio District Office - Puerto Rico District Office - Missouri St. Louis South District Office - Austin TX. 1st District Office - TX. - Corpus Christie District Office - VA. Petersburg District Office - Wash. Seattle District Office - Beckley W.VA. District Office - Oshkosh Wisconsin Diversity Division of Accounting Operations DOC - Salinas DOC - Wilkes-Barre Document Analysis Laboratory Document Lab Fraud Dog Tag Downey Legislative History Books Downsizing Drug Testing Early Days - Personal Recollections Early Social Insurance Movement in the United States 1890 - 1929 Earnings Earnings - Annual Reporting Earnings - Combined Annual Reporting IRS - SSA Cooperative Agreement Earnings - Establishment amp Maintenance Earnings - Key Names amp Derivatives Earnings - Query Earnings - Request Form OHR - 7004 Earnings - Reporting amp Posting Earnings - Record Earnings - Records - Request for Earnings Earnings - Periodic Statement Project Earnings - Posted Earnings - Posting Problems - 1983 Earnings Sharing Earnings - Stamp System Earnings Statement Earnings Statement Project Earnings - Suspense File - 1978 Earnings Unposted Economic Security Act Economic Security Committee eDIB EEO Eisenhower Library President Electronic Data Processing punching Electronic Fund Transfer - Foreign Benefit Payments Electronic Pub. Workgroup Emergency Repatriaton Planning Employee Activity Association 1941 - 1943 Employees Awards - SSA Employee Communications Early Employee Development Employee - DAO 1936 Interviews - 1978- With Employees Hired in 1936 Employee Identification Number Application amp Card Employee Safety Employee Services Employer Identification Number Application SS-4 Employment Brochure Employment Policies Employment - Post WWII - Full Employment Employment - Services Offices Assignment of SSA Employees - 1939 EMS Evaluation Measurement System Enemy Aliens Assistance Program Enumeration Enumeration - Enumeration Manual Enumeration at Birth Enumeration - District Office Direct Input DODI Enumeration Systems Entitlement Reviews Enumerating Dependents for Income Tax Purposes Environmental Scanning Report No. 2 EPIC Plan Ethical Conduct Eutaw Place Evolution and Leadership of the SSA Operational Policy Function Executive Development Program Executive Handbook Executive Staff Meeting Reports Executive Training Programs Experts - Early SS Board Employees Experts on SS Board - 1937 Family Assistance Plan FAP Family Assistance Plan FAP - Folder 2 FAST Federal Credit Union Bureau Of Federal Employees' News Digest Federal Records Center Handbook Federal Security Agency - Origin amp Development Federal Security Agency Federal Trade Commission Federalism - Principles Federalist Newsletter Federal Women's Program - 1978 Fee Charging Field Administration Field Offices Field Office Closings Field Structure Study - 1983 Financial Report First Check - By District Office Fiscal Grams 1967-1968 Flags and Seal DHEW Flextime Program Flexoline Files Folder Storage Oper. W/B Food Stamps SSI Foreign Claims Process Forms - Early Form - SS 5 - Proposed Form 6/16/36 Form - SS - 5 Microfilm Stored in National Archives - 1939 Forms - Racial Designation 1963 - 1965 Forum - 1988 Forum Lectures Fraternal Order of Eagles Fraud Freeze on Personal Actions - 1979 Furloughs Gallaudet College General Accounting Office General Accounting Office Reports Germany - Social Insurance Goals amp Objectives Goals amp Objectives DCFAM Gold Standard Government Representative Project hearings Gramm - Rudman - Hollings Act Greenspan Commission Group Incentive Pay Experiment Subject Files Carrier #9- Handicapped Hart Case Judith Health Activities of the Department Hew-HHS Health Care Health Incentives Reform Program Ronald Reagan HCFA Health Care Financing Administration Health Care of the Aged Financial Considerations Health Insurance - Advisory Medical Committee of Comm. On Economic Security Reports 1934 - 1935 Health Insurance Act of 1965 Health Insurance Benefits Advisory Council HIBAC - 1965 Health Insurance Benefits Advisory Council - 1966 Health Insurance Benefits Advisory Council - 1968 Health Insurance Bureau 1970 Reorganization Health Insurance Considerations 1951 - 1954 1960 - 1963 Health Insurance - Deductible amp Co-Insurance Amounts Health Insurance - Hi Card Health Insurance - Expenditures Health Insurance - Medicare Hand Book Health Insurance - Movement in the USA Health Insurance - Murray-Wagner-Dingell Bill Health Insurance - Private Payment Organizations Health Insurance Proposals for National System Health Insurance - Public Opinion Polls 1946 - 1947 Health Insurance - Role of DOA in Administration Health Insurance - Source Material amp Chronology Health Insurance - Systems of Remuneration Health Needs of the Nation - Pres. Truman Commission HHS - Display of SSA History Hearings amp Appeals Process Hearings amp Appeals - 1940 Hispanic American Advisory Committee Historian Historical Research History Room History - Administrative amp Legislative Historical Inquiry Form Historical Photos Misc. Historical Program Historical Office Histories - Other Agencies History - DAO - 1953 History - National Historical Publications amp Records Committee History Room - SSA Folder #1 History Room - SSA Folder #2 History Room Photos History - SSA History Program Directive History Room Tour Info History Room - Dept. History - Value Of History Quizzes Hohaus Committee on Boasi - 1958 Hohaus Holocaust Hoover Commission of 1955 Hospital Insurance Housing Service - SSA Immediate Payment for Critical Cases Immigrants Incentive Pay Identity Theft Income amp Resources of Population 65 amp Over Income Maintenance - 1968 "Non-Task Force" Income Tax - Pay As You Go - 1943 SSA - Independent Agency Independent Agency Independent Agency Independent Agency Independent Agency Independent Agency Briefing Books for Staats Panel on Independent Agency Independent Agency Bill Indexing of Benefits Indians - Historical Overview Industrial Pension Plans Affected by the SS Act - 1936 INFLATION Information Pamphlet Withdrawn Information Systems Informational Services Informational Issuance - Region II NY - 1937/1938 Inquiries Guide for Congressional Offices Inspector General Insurance - Social amp Private Basic Concepts Internal Communications Internal Control Activity Internal Revenue Service International Activities amp Visitors International Agreements General International Agreements - Belgium International Agreements - Canada International Agreements - Great Britain International Agreements - Ireland International Agreements - Italy International Agreements - Japan International Agreements - Norway International Agreements - Poland International Agreements - Sweden International Agreements - Switzerland International Agreements - West Germany ILO - International Labor Organization International Newsletter International Operations International Organizations SSA - Associated International Social Security Association ISSA International Union of Family Organization Internet - SSA Internet Messages Interviewing in SSA - De Scheinitz Investigation amp Audit Function IRS - Correspondence with Social Security 1935-1937 Italian Visit - Schottland It's Procurement Process JOB INFORMATION AND CAREER GUIDE Kennedy Library Kerrey Commission Key Workload Indicators Kiosk Project Labor amp Employee Relations Bulletin Labor Research Group Conference - 1946 Labor - U.S. Dept. Labor Relations Lawsuits Against HHS Leads Program Legislation 1940 #8217 s Legislation - 103 rd Congress Libraries - Federal Depository Library of Congress Library Libraries - Presidential Litigation Process Lighting Project - History Room Long Range Planning Long Range Planning - 1981 Lump Sum Benefits Machinery and Equipment Mailing List - Bob Ball Mailing Lists How to Request Management Associations Management Development Management Information Management Newsletter Marriage Ceremonial - Proof of Matching Operations Matching Projects McKinley amp Frase Book ADM of the SS Act PI-2 Media 1 of 2 PI-2 Media 2 of 2 Medical Care The Committee on the Cost of Medicare Medicare Medicare - 1 st Card - Tony Palcaorolla Medicare Administration Contracting - 1974 Report Medicare - Antecedents Medicare -Catastrophic Medicare Medicare - Cost Medicare - Coverage of Drugs Medicare - Drug Task Force Medicare - Enrollment Medicare - Evaluation Medicare - Historical Background Medicare Early Planning 1960 - 1965 Medicare - Prescription Drug Benefit of 2003 Medicare Program Charts Medicare- Selection of Part B Carriers-Folder 1 Medicare- Selection of Part B Carriers-Folder 2 Medicare - State Buy-In Medicare - Systems Medicare On-line Medicare - On Site Monitors Medicare - First Application for Medical Insurance Medicare - Fraud amp Abuse Medicare Game Medicare HMO's - Historical Medicare - Initial Enrollment Medicare - Medi Game Medicare Handbook Medicare - Re-Imbursement Principles Memorial Garden-SSA Subject Files Carrier #10- Mexico Border Conference Mexico Lectures - Futterman - 1971 Microfilming Microfische Migrant Workers Military Wage Credits MISLEADING MAILINGS Mission Statements SSA Modules Modular Disability Folder Money Worth Monitoring of Phone Calls Morale Survey MOU SSA/Treasury Move - SSA to Washington - 1978 MSSICS Murals - Photos amp History National Academy of Social Insurance NASI NASI Newsletters etc. 1988-1999 NASI Newsletters etc. 2000-2001 NAS Study National Archival Records National Commission on Social Security Reform National Commission on Social Security Reform - 1981 National Committee to Preserve Social Security amp Medicare National Computer Center National Historical Publication amp Records Commission 1985 amp 1986 Annual Reports National Organization On Disability National Performance Review National Resources Planning Board New Yorker Article News Media Non - English Speaking Service Northern Mariana Islands Notch Notch - Ways amp Means - 1986 Notices OASDI Buildings in Baltimore OASDI Review of Administration 1960-1969 OASIS OASIS Cartoons by Mr. Lawlor OASIS Info. Mission etc. Oasis on the Move OASDI Programs Obituaries Misc. Objectives - SSA ODISP Newsletter 2007 - Office of Assessment Office of Central Records Operations OCRO Office of Child Support amp Enforcement OCSE Office of Civil Rights amp Equal Opportunities OCREO Office of Disability Operations ODO Office of Disability amp International Operations ODIO Office of Family Assistance Office of Finance Assessment amp Management Office of the Future Workgroup Office of General Counsel Office of General Counsel - 1936 - 1937 Opinions Office of Governmental Affairs Hearings amp Appeals Office of OHA Automation OHA Business Processes OHA Early Notification OHA Paperless Pilot OHA Productivity OHA - PHC'S OHA - Re-inventing Appeals OHA - Short-term Initiatives OHA Initiatives - Status Reports OHA Studies OMB Disability/Hearing Briefing Office of Hearings amp Appeals OHA - Workloads Office of Inspector General Office of International Policy Office of Training OGC - Legal Services to the Field OGC - Organization - 1986 Office of Legislative amp Regulatory Policy - Organization Office of Management Mini-Forum - 1989 Office of Management Budget amp Personnel Evaluation 1975 Office of Public Affairs Office of Refugee Resettlement Office of Research amp Statistics Office of Research amp Statistics Office of Strategic Planning - Organization Office of Training Oklahoma City Bombing Old Age Dependency Old Pamphlets amp Booklets Old Publications - Regional Offices Old Publications - PSC Older Americans Act Ombudsman Omnibus Budget - 1990 Operations - Claims Manual - 1941 Operations - Field Supervisors Manual - 1938 Operations Research Project Operating Pars Operations Studies Oral - History Oral - History Folder #1 Oral - History Folder #2 Orientation for New Appointees - November 2001 Other SSA Buildings Overpayments Pamphlets Paperless Agency Patents Paperless Processing Pay Scales Payment of Accuracy Payment Cycling Pebes Roosevelt - Pen Pen - Pix FDR - Signing Pensions Pensions - Confederate Pensions in the USA - 1952 - Study by Bob Ball Periodic Statement of Earnings Personnel amp Staffing Performance Standards Goals amp OMS Personnel - 1937 Policy "Experts" On Duty Personnel - Merit Pay Personnel Merit Standards State U.C. amp Public Assistance Personnel - Performance Management amp Recognition System Personnel - Placement Policy - 1978 Personnel - Special Placement Personnel - SSA Employment Plan - 1987 Personnel - Top Staff - 1978 Phillipine Claims Phillipine Visit Photo Files Photos Misc. Photos 1940 #8217 s Photos 1950 #8217 s Photo Publication - Release Form Photographic Unit Planning Planning - Long Range Policy Council - Folder 1 Policy Council - Folder 2 Policy - Background References Policynet Policy Process Re-engineering Political Philosophy Polls Poms on CD - Rom Poor Laws - England Population Growth Populism Position Classification Post Card - Commemorative ISSA Post Office P/E Systems Posters Poverty Index Poverty LBJ Whitehouse Tape Recordings Box 1- Tapes K6311.01A- K6312.18 Box 2- Tapes 6401.17- 6403.10 Box 3- Tapes 6403.11-6406.07 Subject Files Carrier #11- Presidential Commission on Social Security 2001 Presidential Election - 1936 Presidential Quotations Presidential Reports Presidential Signings President's Widow - Eligibility for SS Benefits Press Digest - Early Prisoners Privatization Privacy Procurement Productivity Productivity - Field - GAO Report 1985 Program Data Program Directives System Program Evaluation Program Integrity Program Notes Program Operations Manual System POMS Program Simplification Program Simplification Task Force Report 1974 Proof of Age Proof of Age Study 1965-1966 PSCS PSC - Disability Cases Transfer PSC - Baltimore Discontinued 1965 PSC - General Payment amp Program Centers Evolution amp Leadership of Program Service Centers PSC History 40 th Anniversary - - GLPSC 40 th Anniversary - - MAMPSC 40 th Anniversary - - MATPSC 40 th Anniversary - - SEPSC 40 th Anniversary - - WNPSC PSC - Great Lakes Chicago PSC - Mid-America Kansas City PSC - Mid-Atlantic Philadelphia PSC - Northeast New York PSC - Southeast Birmingham PSC - New Orleans PSC - Western San Francisco PSC - Miscellaneous PSC - International Operations PSC - Modular Organization PSC - Modularization PSC - Publications PSC - Workforce Profile 1981 POMS Presidential Visit - 1966 Awards Ceremony Proof of Age Prouty Public Confidence Public Assistance Materials Public Assistance Bureau 1945 Materials Publications Catalog Publications - SSA Public Information Public Inquires Public Welfare Puerto Rico Offices Quality Appraisal QA System for ALJS Quality Assurance Quality Circles Racial Railroad Board/Social Security Admin. Program Relationships RR Retirement Act RR Retirement Commission Study - 1971 Railroad Retirement Raising the Income for the Poor Recollections - Early Reconsideration Record Keeping Operations Records Retention Recycling Redelegations to the Commissioner Refocusing the SMP Reform REFORM DEBATE Refugee Resettlement Regional Boundaries Regional Conferences Regional Director Regional Management Forums Regional Office - Atlanta Regional Office - New York Region III - Charlottesville Philadelphia Regional Office - Dallas Regional Office - Denver Colorado Regional Commissioners - Role Representatives Regional Offices - 1936 Location amp Directors Regional Offices - Task Force Rep. 10/70 Regional Offices - Directory - General Regional Offices Restructuring Regional Offices - Wynkoop' Study Regional Publications Regulations Regulations #1 #2 #3 Reinventing Government Remington Rand Contracts - 1937 Reorganization 1979 Series 1-48 Reorganizational History Reorganization of Welfare amp Social Security Activities Rep. Payee Replacement Rates Request for Statement of Earnings Form 7004 Research amp Statistics Notes Catalog RSVP Retired Senior Volunteer Program Retirees - Request for Historical Data Retirement - A History of Early Retirement RETIREMENT GENERAL Retirement Test - 1 Retirement Test - 2 Revolution Computers RFID Tagging for Property Control Roosevelt Library Royal Typewriter Company RSI Leads Program Russia Visit Russian Trip Satellite Network - SSA Save our Security Organization Scott's Amendment Expedited Payments Seal - Department Seal -FSA Seal - Great Seal of the USA Seal - SSA/Board Self - Employment Coverage Senate's History SEPTEMBER 11th SES Service Area Review District Office Service Delivery Service Area Directory SSA Service to the Public Maldono Report 1978 "Service to the Public" Short-term Disability Project mid-1990s Sipebes Study Signature Proxies Significant Activities Reports Smithsonian - Project Smoking LBJ Whitehouse Tape Recordings Box 4- Tapes 6406.08- 6408.15 Box 5- Tapes 6408.16- 6410.04 Box 6- Tapes 6410.05- 6412.03 Subject Files Carrier #12- Social Insurance Administration Position Ryukyu Islands Social Insurance Definitions Social Security Act Historical Background Social Security Act of 1935 Folder #1 Social Security Act of 1935 Folder #2 Social Security Board Booklet amp New Yorker Comment 1936 Social Security - Constitutionality Folder #1 Social Security - Constitutionality Folder #2 Social Security Board 1935 Annual Report Social Security Board 1936 Annual Report Social Security Board 1938 Annual Report 1940 Federal Security Administrator Annual Report Chairman of Social Security Board Files 1935-1942 1967-1971 SSA Annual Report Social Security Application Social Security Antecedents Social Security Beginnings amp History Folder #1 Social Security Beginnings amp History Folder #2 Social Security Beginnings amp History Folder #3 Social Security Beginnings amp History Folder #4 Social Security Benefits Income Tax Status Social Security Benefits Taxable Proposal 1977 Social Security Board Original Social Security Board Instructional Issuances Social Security Beginnings Social Security Bulletin - History Social Security Bulletin Policy - 1937-1938 Social Security on the Web #8220 Social Security #8221 Term Origin SSN Card - "Gold Card" SSN Card - Original Design Social Security Card - Replacement SSN Card Issuances - 26 th amp 50 th Millionth Special Olympics SSA ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON RESEARCH SSA - Annual Report 1971 - 1977 SSA Court SSA Customers SSA Then and Now SSA Workers SSN File Elimination SSN - For Children - IRS SSN - Fraud SSN - Misuse SSN - Process SSN - Lowest No. SSN - Religious Objections SSN - Common Names Distribution Social Security Card - History SSN - First Account Issued in Southern Hemisphere SSN - Misused Numbers SSN - Names Distribution SSN - Original SS-5 amp Instructions SSN - Plates SSN - Early History SSN Processing SSN - Use of SSN Social Security Number Social Security Card - History SSN - Card amp Instructions SSN - Enumeration SSN - Initial Registration 1935-1937 SSN - Issuance System SSN - Numbering System Development Social Security Number Task Force Report to the Commissioner 5/71 Social Security - Effect on Savings Behavior Social Security - Centenarians Social Security Checks - First Mailing Social Security Coverage SSA Criminal Acts Social Security Financing Social Security Financing Social Security - Future Direction Social Security Handbook Social Security Lunchtime Discussions Social Security Information Items Social Security Management Association Social Security - Philosophy amp History Social Security - Post Card Social Security Programs - World Social Security Protection Act of 2003 Social Security Reform Social Security Studies Social Security Systems Report on International Developments - 1979 Social Security Rulings Social Security Taxes SSA Tracking Report Social Security - Use of Word "Insurance" Social Security Week Social Welfare Archival Data Base Social Welfare Programs Social Welfare - Perspectives SSA Art Shows SSA Chorus SSA Consumers Special Social Security Court SSA Display for Secretary SSA DO Austin TX 1st SSA Forward Plan 1976 - 1980 SSA History SSA Issues - 1981 SSA Issues - 1984 SSA Objectives SSA Payroll Tax Accounting SSA Performance Review Board SSA Projects amp Activities Book SSA Records SSA Then and Now Social Security Rulings 1970 1988 SSADARS SSA Workers SSI Outreach Social Service Review 50 th Anniversary Issue - 1977 Software Lines of Code Software Software Upgrades Sound Ex System Space amp Building History - PSC's DOC's amp Boyers PA. Special Olympics S.S.B.U. Staff Development Program Staffing Changes Staffing - 1986 Staffing - 1988 Staffing Levels Staffing Tables - SSA 1956 Stamps Stamp Book Plan - For Reporting Agricultural amp Domestic Workers Stamp Passbook Proposals Earnings Stamp Plan Stamp Plan for Coverage of Farmers amp Domestic Employees PA Program Analysis Stamp Plan 1950 Stamps Commemorative State Online Query State Relief amp Welfare State Stats Statistical Manual Statistics by Congressional District LBJ Whitehouse Tape Recordings Box 7- Tapes 6501.01- 6505.05 Box 8- Tapes 6501.06- 6508.04 Box 9- Tapes 6508.05-6603.09 Subject Files Carrier #13- Strategic Plan Strategic Planning Student Benefits Summer Aids Super Grades Supreme Court SSI SSI Administration SSI - Historical Background SSI - Training Materials SSI - First 10 Years SSI Modernization Project SSI - Northern Mariana Islands SSI - Impress Funds SSI Leads Program 1975 SSI - Optional State Supplemental SSI - The American Public Welfare Association APWA SSI - Outreach Program SSI - Color of Checks SSI - Post Conversion Study March - 1974 SSI - Program Charts amp Statistics SSI Planning SSI - Refugees SSI - Role of Teleservice Center SSI Redeterminations SSI - Implementation of Legislation Top Staff Meetings 1972 - 1973 SSI Planning - Disability SSI - Review of Program After 10 Years SSI Handbook SSI - Establishment of BSSI SSI Recipient Characteristics SSI Outreach Demo. Project SSI - Misc. SSI Modernization SSI- Simplification SUCCESSION PLAN-2002 Supreme Court Packing Plan Survey Management - 1987 Survivors Benefits Suspense File Systems - History Systems Systems - ARS/SSADARS Telecommunications Systems - ADP Steering Committee 1981 Systems - Administrative/Management System Systems - Advanced Planning 1978 Systems - Annual Wage Reporting Systems - Automated Data Processing ADP Steering Committee - 1981 Systems - Automation of the Claims Process Systems - Coordination amp Planning Systems - Classification 1982 Systems - DAO Systems Development SYSTEMS- EMAIL POLICY Systems - Evolution in SSA Systems - Fiscal Year 1986 Plan Systems - Fraud Systems - GAO Audits Systems - General Morris Study - 1972 Systems - Glossary Systems - House of Rep. Report - 1982 Systems- HR Systems Information Newsletter Systems IRS Systems - IDP - Claims Process Systems - IWS/LAN Systems - Jung Report Systems - Management Information Systems - Microfiche amp Microfilm Systems Modernization Folder #1 Systems Modernization Folder #2 SMP - Accomplishments SMP Audits Systems - Modernization - GAO 1987 Systems Modernization - Union/SSA Agreement Systems Morale Systems - National MBR Project - 1977 Systems - News Update Systems Optical Scanner Systems - Office of Technology Assessment Systems - Original Procedures amp Instructions - 9/36 - 7/37 Systems - Paradyne Systems - Personnel Systems - Planning Systems - Procurement Systems - Proposals from Companies for Equipment 9/16/36 Systems - PSC Systems - Security Systems Technology Information Update Systems - Telecommunications Systems - Westinghouse Consultants Report - June 1971 Target Physical Architecture Task Force on Purpose Objectives amp Principles of Social Security POP 1974 Task Force on Purpose Objectives amp Principles of Social Security POP 1974 Folder 2 Taxable Earnings Base Taxation of Benefits Taxes Telephone Directory of SSA Board Aug'37 - Feb'38 Telephone Directory 1955 Teleservice Centers TSC's - Gov. Project Three-legged Stool Concept Tixier Report Tort Claims Total Quality Management Totalization - Italy 1977 Totalization Agreement Tracking System Training - Audio Visual Facility Training - Basic Course for Technical Employees Training Training - Background Training Career Day Training - Executive Training Program Training Classes Early 2/25/39 - 12/13/41 Training- Video on Demand Treasury U.S. Subject Files Carrier #14- Trust Funds - Effective Annual Interest Rates Trust Fund - Medical Insurance Trust Fund Operations Trust Fund Trust Fund Reserves Trustee Reports Hi Lites Trustee Reports Meeting Notes Index of SSA Trustee Reports Trustees Report - First et.al. Reference Only Trustees Report - 1940's Trustees Report - 1950's Trustees Report - 1960's Trustees Report - 1970's Trustees Report - 1980's Trustees Report - 1990's Trustees Report - 1990's Trustees Report - 2000-2004 Trustees Report ndash 2005- Trust Funds Trust Funds - Audits Unamerican Activities Unemployment - Booklets amp Reports Early Unemployment Insurance Union - Early Years Folder #1 Union - Early Years Folder #2 Union - Early Years Folder #3 Union - Early Years Folder #4 Union Union/Management United States Capitol U.S. Federal History U.S History Universal Identifier Universal Training Usability and Accessibility Value of Social Security Protection Vanpooling - SSA Veterans Veterans - Historical Video Conferencing Video Display Terminal Visit Commission Do's Visitors 91 Vista Vocational Rehabilitation Volunteer Services Wagner-Murray-Dingell Bills Waiver Processing Wall Displays captions Walt Disney Prod. War Memorial SSA War Risk Insurance WWI War Savings Bonds Booklets - WWII Washington - Proposed Move Welfare Reform Welfare Reform- 1977 Welfare Reform Planning Group - 1978 Welfare to Work White House Conference on Aging 1995 White House Conference on Social Security - 12/98 Wisconsin Idea Women amp Social Security Wordsmiths Workers' Comp. Workloads Workload Management Workload amp Program Notes 1970 monthly amp fiscal Workload amp Program Notes 1971-1974 fiscal years #8217 amp quarterly Workload Trend Reports Work Planning Work Plans AM-14 Work Planning Plans amp Reports -DDO Fiscal 1958 - Working AM-14 Work Planning Plans amp Reports -DAO Fiscal 1958 - Working AM-14 Work Planning Plans amp Reports - DFO Fiscal 1959 - Working AM-14 Work Planning DM Plans amp Reports - Fiscal 1958 - 1961 Working Opr. Fac. amp Mgmt. Ser. Branches AM-14 Work Planning Plans amp Reports - DCC Fiscal 1960 - Working AM-14 Work Planning Plans amp Reports - DPIPM Fiscal 1958 - 1961 Working AM-14 Work Planning Plans amp Reports - DAM {DMPS} Fiscal 1958 - 1961 Working AM-14 Work Planning Plans amp Reports - DPA Fiscal 1961 Working AM-14 Work Planning - DM Operating Facilities Branch Fiscal 1961 Official AM-14 Work Planning Forms amp Records Management Section Fiscal Official 1962 AM-14 Work Planning - DM Operating Facilities Branch Fiscal Years 1962-1963 Official Working Hours Wartime World's Fair NY SSA Exhibit World War II - Assistance to Enemy Aliens World War II - Consolidation of Do's World War - Civilian War Benefits Act World War II - Defense Activities SSA World War II Veterans Killed in Action Y2K Youngest Wage Earner Zebley 800 Number Privacy Policy Website Policies amp Other Important Information Site Map Last reviewed or modified Wednesday Feb 09 2011 Need Larger Text Skip to content Social Security Online HISTORY socialsecurity.gov Home FAQs Contact Us Text Size Search History Home This is an archival or historical document and may not reflect current policies or procedures Presidential Statements Franklin D. Roosevelt FDR's Statements on Social Security 1. MESSAGE TO CONGRESS REVIEWING THE BROAD OBJECTIVES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE ADMINISTRATION JUNE 8 1934 2. FIRESIDE CHAT June 28 1934 3. THE INITIATION OF STUDIES TO ACHIEVE A PROGRAM OF NATIONAL SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 6757 JUNE 29 1934 4. FIRESIDE CHAT SUNDAY SEPTEMBER 30 1934 5. ADDRESS TO ADVISORY COUNCIL OF THE COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC SECURITY ON THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SECURITY. NOVEMBER 14 1934. 6. MESSAGE TO CONGRESS ON SOCIAL SECURITY JANUARY 17 1935 7. PRESIDENTIAL STATEMENT SIGNING THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT AUGUST 14 1935 8. A RECOMMENDATION FOR LEGISLATION AMENDING THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT DECEMBER 14 1937. 9. A RECOMMENDATION FOR LIBERALIZING THE OLD-AGE INSURANCE SYSTEM APRIL 28 1938. 10. RADIO ADDRESS ON THE THIRD ANNIVERSARY OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT AUGUST 15 1938 11. A MESSAGE TRANSMITTING TO THE CONGRESS A REPORT OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY BOARD RECOMMENDING CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE LAW. JANUARY 16 1939. 12. Message to Congress on the National Health Program - January 23 1939 13. PRESIDENTIAL STATEMENT ON SIGNING SOME AMENDMENTS TO THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT AUGUST 11 1939 14. CAMPAIGN ADDRESS ON THE quot ECONOMIC BILL OF RIGHTS quot OCTOBER 28 1944 1. MESSAGE TO CONGRESS REVIEWING THE BROAD OBJECTIVES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE ADMINISTRATION. JUNE 8 1934. You are completing a work begun in March 1933 which will be regarded for a long time as a splendid justification of the vitality of representative government. I greet you and express once more my appreciation of the cooperation which has proved so effective. Only a small number of the items of our program remain to be enacted and I am confident that you will pass on them before adjournment. Many other pending measures are sound in conception but must for lack of time or of adequate information be deferred to the session of the next Congress. In the meantime we can well seek to adjust many of these measures into certain larger plans of governmental policy for the future of the Nation. You and I as the responsible directors of these policies and actions may with good reason look to the future with confidence just as we may look to the past fifteen months with reasonable satisfaction. On the side of relief we have extended material aid to millions of our fellow citizens. On the side of recovery we have helped to lift agriculture and industry from a condition of utter Prostration. But in addition to these immediate tasks of relief and of recovery we have properly necessarily and with overwhelming approval determined to safeguard these tasks by rebuilding many of the structures of our economic life and reorganizing it in order to prevent a recurrence of collapse. It is childish to speak of recovery first and reconstruction afterward. In the very nature of the processes of recovery we must avoid the destructive influences of the past. We have shown the world that democracy has within it the elements necessary to its own salvation. Less hopeful countries where the ways of democracy are very new may revert to the autocracy of yesterday. The American people can be trusted to decide wisely upon the measures taken by the Government to eliminate the abuses of the past and to proceed in the direction of the greater good for the greater number. Our task of reconstruction does not require the creation of new and strange values. It is rather the finding of the way once more to known but to some degree forgotten ideals and values. If the means and details are in some instances new the objectives are as permanent as human nature. Among our objectives I place the security of the men women and children of the Nation first. This security for the individual and for the family concerns itself primarily with three factors. People want decent homes to live in they want to locate them where they can engage in productive work and they want some safeguard against misfortunes which cannot be wholly eliminated in this man-made world of ours. In a simple and primitive civilization homes were to be had for the building. The bounties of nature in a new land provided crude but adequate food and shelter. When land failed our ancestors moved on to better land. It was always possible to push back the frontier but the frontier has now disappeared. Our task involves the making of a better living out of the lands that we have. So also security was attained in the earlier days through the interdependence of members of families upon each other and of the families within a small community upon each other. The complexities of great communities and of organized industry make less real these simple means of security. Therefore we are compelled to employ the active interest of the Nation as a whole through government in order to encourage a greater security for each individual who composes it. With the full cooperation of the Congress we have already made a serious attack upon the problem of housing in our great cities. Millions of dollars have been appropriated for housing projects by Federal and local authorities often with the generous assistance of private owners. The task thus begun must be pursued for many years to come. There is ample private money for sound housing projects and the Congress in a measure now before you can stimulate the lending of money for the modernization of existing homes and the building of new homes. In pursuing this policy we are working toward the ultimate objective of making it possible for American families to live as Americans should. In regard to the second factor economic circumstances and the forces of nature themselves dictate the need of constant thought as the means by which a wise Government may help the necessary readjustment of the population. We cannot fail to act when hundreds of thousands of families live where there is no reasonable prospect of a living in the years to come. This is especially a national problem. Unlike most of the leading Nations of the world we have so far failed to create a national policy for the development of our land and water resources and for their better use by those people who cannot make a living in their present positions. Only thus can we permanently eliminate many millions of people from the relief rolls on which their names are now found. The extent of the usefulness of our great natural inheritance of land and water depends on our mastery of it. We are now so organized that science and invention have given us the means of more extensive and effective attacks upon the problems of nature than ever before. We have learned to utilize water power to reclaim deserts to recreate forests and to redirect the flow of population. Until recently we have proceeded almost it random making mistakes. These are many illustrations of the necessity for such planning. Some sections of the Northwest and Southwest which formerly existed as grazing land were spread over with a fair crop of grass. On this land the water table lay a dozen or twenty feet below the surface and newly arrived settlers put this land under the plow. Wheat was grown by dry farming methods. But in many of these places today the water table under the land has dropped to fifty or sixty feet below the surface and the top soil in dry seasons is blown away like driven snow. Falling rain in the absence of grass roots filters through the soil runs off the surface or is quickly reabsorbed into the atmosphere. Many million acres of such land must be restored to grass or trees if we are to prevent a new and man-made Sahara. At the other extreme there are regions originally arid which have been generously irrigated by human engineering. But in some of these places the hungry soil has not only absorbed the water necessary to produce magnificent crops but so much more water that the water table has now risen to the point of saturation thereby threatening the future crops upon which many families depend. Human knowledge is great enough today to give us assurance of success in carrying through the abandonment of many millions of acres for agricultural use and the replacing of these acres with others on which at least a living can be earned. The rate of speed that we can usefully employ in this attack on impossible social and economic conditions must be determined by business-like procedure. It would be absurd to undertake too many projects at once or to do a patch of work here and another there without finishing the whole of an individual project. Obviously the Government cannot undertake national projects in every one of the 435 Congressional districts or even in every one of the 48 States. The magnificent conception of national realism and national needs that this Congress has built up has not only set an example of large vision for all time but has almost consigned to oblivion our ancient habit of pork-barrel legislation to that we cannot and must not revert. When the next Congress convenes I hope to be able to present to it a carefully considered national plan covering the development and the human use of our natural resources of land and water over a long period of years. In considering the cost of such a program it must be clear to all of us that for many years to come we shall be engaged in the task of rehabilitating many hundreds of thousands of our American families. In so doing we shall be decreasing future costs for the direct relief of destitution. I hope that it will be possible for the Government to adopt as a clear policy to be carried out over a long period the appropriation of a large definite annual sum so that work may proceed year after year not under the urge of temporary expediency but in pursuance of the well-considered rounded objective. The third factor relates to security against the hazards and vicissitudes of life. Fear and worry based on unknown danger contribute to social unrest and economic demoralization. If as our Constitution tells us our Federal Government was established among other things quot to promote the general welfare quot it is our plain duty to provide for that security upon which welfare depends. Next winter we may well undertake the great task of furthering the security of the citizen and his family through social insurance. This is not an untried experiment. Lessons of experience are available from States from industries and from many Nations of the civilized world. The various types of social insurance are interrelated and I think it is difficult to attempt to solve them piecemeal. Hence I am looking for a sound means which I can recommend to provide at once security against several of the great disturbing factors in life especially those which relate to unemployment and old age. I believe there should be a maximum of cooperation between States and the Federal Government. I believe that the funds necessary to provide this insurance should be raised by contribution rather than by an increase in general taxation. Above all I am convinced that social insurance should be national in scope although the several States should meet at least a large portion of the cost of management leaving to the Federal Government the responsibility of investing maintaining and safeguarding the funds constituting the necessary insurance reserves. I have commenced to make with the greatest of care the necessary actuarial and other studies for the formulation of plans for the consideration of the 74th Congress. These three great objectives the security of the home the security of livelihood and the security of social insurance are it seems to me a minimum of the promise that we can offer to the American people. They constitute a right which belongs to every individual and every family willing to work. They are the essential fulfillment of measures already taken toward relief recovery and reconstruction. This seeking for a greater measure of welfare and happiness does not indicate a change in values. It is rather a return to values lost in the course of our economic development and expansion. Ample scope is left for the exercise of private initiative. In fact in the process of recovery I am greatly hoping that repeated promises of private investment and private initiative to relieve the Government in the immediate future of much of the burden it has assumed will be fulfilled. We have not imposed undue restrictions upon business. We have not opposed the incentive of reasonable and legitimate private profit. We have sought rather to enable certain aspects of business to regain the confidence of the public. We have sought to put forward the rule of fair play in finance and industry. It is true that there are a few among us who would still go back. These few offer no substitute for the gains already made nor any hope for making future gains for human happiness. They loudly assert that individual liberty is being restricted by Government but when they are asked what individual liberties they have lost they are put to it to answer. We must dedicate ourselves anew to a recovery of the old and sacred possessive rights for which mankind has constantly struggled homes livelihood and individual security. The road to these values is the way of progress. Neither you nor I will rest content until we have done our utmost to move further on that road. 2. FIRESIDE CHAT June 28 1934 It has been several months since I have talked with you concerning the problems of government. Since January those of us in whom you have vested responsibility have been engaged in the fulfillment of plans and policies which had been widely discussed in previous months. It seemed to us our duty not only to make the right path clear but also to tread that path. As we review the achievements of this session of the Seventy-third Congress it is made increasingly clear that its task was essentially that of completing and fortifying the work it had begun in March l933. That was no easy task but the Congress was equal to it. It has been well said that while there were a few exceptions this Congress displayed a greater freedom from mere partisanship than any other peace-time Congress since the Administration of President Washington himself. The session was distinguished by the extent and variety of legislation enacted and by the intelligence and good will of debate upon these measures. I mention only a few of the major enactments. It provided for the readjustment of the debt burden through the corporate and municipal bankruptcy acts and the farm relief act. It lent a hand to industry by encouraging loans to solvent industries unable to secure adequate help from banking institutions. It strengthened the integrity of finance through the regulation of securities exchanges. It provided a rational method of increasing our volume of foreign trade through reciprocal trading agreements. It strengthened our naval forces to conform with the intentions and permission of existing treaty rights. It made further advances towards peace in industry through the labor adjustment act. It supplemented our agricultural policy through measures widely demanded by farmers themselves and intended to avert price destroying surpluses. It strengthened the hand of the Federal Government in its attempts to suppress gangster crime. It took definite steps towards a national housing program through an act which I signed today designed to encourage private capital in the rebuilding of the homes of the Nation. It created a permanent Federal body for the just regulation of all forms of communication including the telephone the telegraph and the radio. Finally and I believe most important it reorganized simplified and made more fair and just our monetary system setting up standards and policies adequate to meet the necessities of modern economic life doing justice to both gold and silver as the metal bases behind the currency of the United States. In the consistent development of our previous efforts toward the saving and safeguarding of our national life I have continued to recognize three related steps. The first was relief because the primary concern of any Government dominated by the humane ideals of democracy is the simple principle that in a land of vast resources no one should be permitted to starve. Relief was and continues to be our first consideration. It calls for large expenditures and will continue in modified form to do so for a long time to come. We may as well recognize that fact. It comes from the paralysis that arose as the after-effect of that unfortunate decade characterized by a mad chase for unearned riches and an unwillingness of leaders in almost every walk of life to look beyond their own schemes and speculations. In our administration of relief we follow two principles First that direct giving shall wherever possible be supplemented by provision for useful and remunerative work and second that where families in their existing surroundings will in all human probability never find an opportunity for full self-maintenance happiness and enjoyment we will try to give them a new chance in new surroundings. The second step was recovery and it is sufficient for me to ask each and every one of you to compare the situation in agriculture and in industry today with what it was fifteen months ago. At the same time we have recognized the necessity of reform and reconstruction reform because much of our trouble today and in the past few years has been due to a lack of understanding of the elementary principles of justice and fairness by those in whom leadership in business and finance was placed reconstruction because new conditions in our economic life as well as old but neglected conditions had to be corrected. Substantial gains well known to all of you have justified our course. I could cite statistics to you as unanswerable measures of our national progress statistics to show the gain in the average weekly pay envelope of workers in the great majority of industries statistics to show hundreds of thousands reemployed in private industries and other hundreds of thousands given new employment through the expansion of direct and indirect government assistance of many kinds although of course there are those exceptions in professional pursuits whose economic improvement of necessity will be delayed. I also could cite statistics to show the great rise in the value of farm products statistics to prove the demand for consumers' goods ranging all the way from food and clothing to automobiles and of late to prove the rise in the demand for durable goods statistics to cover the great increase in bank deposits and to show the scores of thousands of homes and of farms which have been saved from foreclosure. But the simplest way for each of you to judge recovery lies in the plain facts of your own individual situation. Are you better off than you were last year Are your debts less burdensome Is your bank account more secure Are your working conditions better Is your faith in your own individual future more firmly grounded Also let me put to you another simple question Have you as an individual paid too high a price for these gains Plausible self-seekers and theoretical die-hards will tell you of the loss of individual liberty. Answer this question also out of the facts of your own life. Have you lost any of your rights or liberty or constitutional freedom of action and choice Turn to the Bill of Rights of the Constitution which I have solemnly sworn to maintain and under which your freedom rests secure. Read each provision of that Bill of Rights and ask yourself whether you personally have suffered the impairment of a single jot of these great assurances. I have no question in my mind as to what your answer will be. The record is written in the experiences of your own personal lives. In other words it is not the overwhelming majority of the farmers or manufacturers or workers who deny the substantial gains of the past year. The most vociferous of the doubting Thomases may be divided roughly into two groups First those who seek special political privilege and second those who seek special financial privilege. About a year ago I used as an illustration the 90% of the cotton manufacturers of the United States who wanted to do the right thing by their employees and by the public but were prevented from doing so by the 10% who undercut them by unfair practices and un-American standards. It is well for us to remember that humanity is a long way from being perfect and that a selfish minority in every walk of life farming business finance and even Government service itself will always continue to think of themselves first and their fellow-being second. In the working out of a great national program which seeks the primary good of the greater number it is true that the toes of some people are being stepped on and are going to be stepped on. But these toes belong to the comparative few who seek to retain or to gain position or riches or both by some short cut which is harmful to the greater good. In the execution of the powers conferred on it by Congress the Administration needs and will tirelessly seek the best ability that the country affords. Public service offers better rewards in the opportunity for service than ever before in our history not great salaries but enough to live on. In the building of this service there are coming to us men and women with ability and courage from every part of the Union. The days of the seeking of mere party advantage through the misuse of public power are drawing to a close. We are increasingly demanding and getting devotion to the public service on the part of every member of the Administration high and low. The program of the past year is definitely in operation and that operation month by month is being made to fit into the web of old and new conditions. This process of evolution is well illustrated by the constant changes in detailed organization and method going on in the National Recovery Administration. With every passing month we are making strides in the orderly handling of the relationship between employees and employers. Conditions differ of course in almost every part of the country and in almost every industry. Temporary methods of adjustment are being replaced by more permanent machinery and I am glad to say by a growing recognition on the part of employers and employees of the desirability of maintaining fair relationships all around. So also while almost everybody has recognized the tremendous strides in the elimination of child labor in the payment of not less than fair minimum wages and in the shortening of hours we are still feeling our way in solving problems which relate to self-government in industry especially where such self-government tends to eliminate the fair operation of competition. In this same process of evolution we are keeping before us the objectives of protecting on the one hand industry against chiselers within its own ranks and on the other hand the consumer through the maintenance of reasonable competition for the prevention of the unfair sky-rocketing of retail prices. But in addition to this our immediate task we must still look to the larger future. I have pointed out to the Congress that we are seeking to find the way once more to well-known long-established but to some degree forgotten ideals and values. We seek the security of the men women and children of the Nation. That security involves added means of providing better homes for the people of the Nation. That is the first principle of our future program. The second is to plan the use of land and water resources of this country to the end that the means of livelihood of our citizens may be more adequate to meet their daily needs. And finally the third principle is to use the agencies of government to assist in the establishment of means to provide sound and adequate protection against the vicissitudes of modern life in other words social insurance. Later in the year I hope to talk with you more fully about these plans. A few timid people who fear progress will try to give you new and strange names for what we are doing. Sometimes they will call it quot Fascism quot sometimes quot Communism quot sometimes quot Regimentation quot sometimes quot Socialism quot . But in so doing they are trying to make very complex and theoretical something that is really very simple and very practical. I believe in practical explanations and in practical policies. I believe that what we are doing today is a necessary fulfillment of what Americans have always been doing a fulfillment of old and tested American ideals. Let me give you a simple illustration While I am away from Washington this summer a long needed renovation of and addition to our White House office building is to be started. The architects have planned a few new rooms built into the present all too small one-story structure. We are going to include in this addition and in this renovation modern electric wiring and modern plumbing and modern means of keeping the offices cool in the hot Washington summers. But the structural lines of the old Executive Office Building will remain. The artistic lines of the White House buildings were the creation of master builders when our Republic was young. The simplicity and the strength of the structure remain in the face of every modern test. But within this magnificent pattern the necessities of modern government business require constant reorganization and rebuilding. If I were to listen to the arguments of some prophets of calamity who are talking these days I should hesitate to make these alterations. I should fear that while I am away for a few weeks the architects might build some strange new Gothic tower or a factory building or perhaps a replica of the Kremlin or of the Potsdam Palace. But I have no such fears. The architects and builders are men of common sense and of artistic American tastes. They know that the principles of harmony and of necessity itself require that the building of the new structure shall blend with the essential lines of the old. It is this combination of the old and the new that marks orderly peaceful progress not only in building buildings but in building government itself. Our new structure is a part of and a fulfillment of the old. All that we do seeks to fulfill the historic traditions of the American people. Other nations may sacrifice democracy for the transitory stimulation of old and discredited autocracies. We are restoring confidence and well-being under the rule of the people themselves. We remain as John Marshall said a century ago quot emphatically and truly a government of the people. quot Our government quot in form and in substance ... emanates from them. Its powers are granted by them and are to be exercised directly on them and for their benefits. quot Before I close I want to tell you of the interest and pleasure with which I look forward to the trip on which I hope to start in a few days. It is a good thing for everyone who can possibly do so to get away at least once a year for a change of scene. I do not want to get into the position of not being able to see the forest because of the thickness of the trees. I hope to visit our fellow Americans in Puerto Rico in the Virgin Islands in the Canal Zone and in Hawaii. And incidentally it will give me an opportunity to exchange a friendly word of greeting to the Presidents of our sister Republics Haiti Colombia and Panama. After four weeks on board ship I plan to land at a port in our Pacific northwest and then will come the best part of the whole trip for I am hoping to inspect a number of our new great national projects on the Columbia Missouri and Mississippi Rivers to see some of our national parks and incidentally to learn much of actual conditions during the trip across the continent back to Washington. While I was in France during the War our boys used to call the United States quot God's country quot . Let us make it and keep it quot God's country quot . 3. THE INITIATION OF STUDIES TO ACHIEVE A PROGRAM OF NATIONAL SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY. EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 6757. JUNE 29 1934 By virtue of and pursuant to the authority vested in me by the National Industrial Recovery Act ch. 90 48 Stat. 195 I hereby establish 1 the Committee on Economic Security hereinafter referred to as the Committee consisting of the Secretary of Labor Chairman the Secretary of the Treasury the Attorney General the Secretary of Agriculture mid the Federal Emergency Relief Administrator and 2 the Advisory Council on Economic Security hereinafter referred to as the Advisory Council the original members of which shall be appointed by the President and additional members of which may be appointed from time to time by the Committee. The Committee shall study problems relating to the economic security of individuals and shall report to the President not later than December 1 1934 its recommendations concerning proposals which in its judgment will promote greater economic security. The Advisory Council shall assist the Committee in the consideration of all matters coming within the scope of its investigations. The Committee shall appoint 1 a Technical Board on Economic Security consisting of qualified representatives selected from various departments and agencies of the Federal Government and 2 an executive director who shall have immediate charge of studies and investigations to be carried out under the general direction of the Technical Board and who shall with the approval of the Technical Board appoint such additional staff as may be necessity to carry out the provisions of this order. 4. FIRESIDE CHAT SUNDAY SEPTEMBER 30 1934 Three months have passed since I talked with you shortly after the adjournment of the Congress. Tonight I continue that report though because of the shortness of time I must defer a number of subjects to a later date. Recently the most notable public questions that have concerned us all have had to do with industry and labor and with respect to these certain developments have taken place which I consider of importance. I am happy to report that after years of uncertainty culminating in the collapse of the spring of 1933 we are bringing order out of the old chaos with a greater certainty of the employment of labor at a reasonable wage and of more business at a fair profit. These governmental and industrial developments hold promise of new achievements for the nation. Men may differ as to the particular form of governmental activity with respect to industry and business but nearly all are agreed that private enterprise in times such as these cannot be left without assistance and without reasonable safeguards lest it destroy not only itself but also our processes of civilization. The underlying necessity for such activity is indeed as strong now as it was years ago when Elihu Root said the following very significant words quot Instead of the give and take of free individual contract the tremendous power of organization has combined great aggregations of capital in enormous industrial establishments working through vast agencies of commerce and employing great masses of men in movements of production and transportation and trade so great in the mass that each individual concerned in them is quite helpless by himself. The relations between the employer and the employed between the owners of aggregated capital and the units of organized labor between the small producer the small trader the consumer and the great transporting and manufacturing and distributing agencies all present new questions for the solution of which the old reliance upon the free action of individual wills appear quite inadequate. And in many directions the intervention of that organized control which we call government seems necessary to produce the same result of justice and right conduct which obtained through the attrition of individuals before the new conditions arose. quot It was in this spirit thus described by Secretary Root that we approached our task of reviving private enterprise in March 1933. Our first problem was of course the banking situation because as you know the banks had collapsed. Some banks could not be saved but the great majority of them either through their own resources or with government aid have been restored to complete public confidence. This has given safety to millions of depositors in these banks. Closely following this great constructive effort we have through various Federal agencies saved debtors and creditors alike in many other fields of enterprise such as loans on farm mortgages and home mortgages loans to the railroads and insurance companies and finally help for home owners and industry itself. In all of these efforts the government has come to the assistance of business and with the full expectation that the money used to assist these enterprises will eventually be repaid. I believe it will be. The second step we have taken in the restoration of normal business enterprise has been to clean up thoroughly unwholesome conditions in the field of investment. In this we have had assistance from many bankers and businessmen most of whom recognize the past evils in the banking system in the sale of securities in the deliberate encouragement of stock gambling in the sale of unsound mortgages and in many other ways in which the public lost billions of dollars. They saw that without changes in the policies and methods of investment there could be no recovery of public confidence in the security of savings. The country now enjoys the safety of bank savings under the new banking laws the careful checking of new securities under the Securities Act and the curtailment of rank stock speculation through the Securities Exchange Act. I sincerely hope that as a result people will be discouraged in unhappy efforts to get rich quick by speculating in securities. The average person almost always loses. Only a very small minority of the people of this country believe in gambling as a substitute for the old philosophy of Benjamin Franklin that the way to wealth is through work. In meeting the problems of industrial recovery the chief agency of the government has been the National Recovery Administration. Under its guidance trades and industries covering over ninety percent of all industrial employees have adopted codes of fair competition which have been approved by the President. Under these codes in the industries covered child labor has been eliminated. The work day and the work week have been shortened. Minimum wages have been established and other wages adjusted toward a rising standard of living. The emergency purpose of the N. R. A. was to put men to work and since its creation more than four million persons have been re-employed in great part through the cooperation of American business brought about under the codes. Benefits of the Industrial Recovery Program have come not only to labor in the form of new jobs in relief from over-work and in relief from under-pay but also to the owners and managers of industry because together with a great increase in the payrolls there has come a substantial rise in the total of industrial profits - a rise from a deficit figure in the first quarter of 1933 to a level of sustained profits within one year from the inauguration of N. R. A. Now it should not be expected that even employed labor and capital would be completely satisfied with present conditions. Employed workers have not by any means all enjoyed a return to the earnings of prosperous times although millions of hitherto under- privileged workers are today far better paid than ever before. Also billions of dollars of invested capital have today a greater security of present and future earning power than before. This is because of the establishment of fair competitive standards and because of relief from unfair competition in wage cutting which depresses markets and destroys purchasing power. But it is an undeniable fact that the restoration of other billions of sound investments to a reasonable earning power could not be brought about in one year. There is no magic formula no economic panacea which could simply revive over-night the heavy industries and the trades dependent upon them. Nevertheless the gains of trade and industry as a whole have been substantial. In these gains and in the policies of the Administration there are assurances that hearten all forward-looking men and women with the confidence that we are definitely rebuilding our political and economic system on the lines laid down by the New Deal - lines which as I have so often made clear are in complete accord with the underlying principles of orderly popular government which Americans have demanded since the white man first came to these shores. We count in the future as in the past on the driving power of individual initiative and the incentive of fair private profit strengthened with the acceptance of those obligations to the public interest which rest upon us all. We have the right to expect that this driving power will be given patriotically and whole-heartedly to our nation. We have passed through the formative period of code making in the National Recovery Administration and have effected a reorganization of the N. R. A. suited to the needs of the next phase which is in turn a period of preparation for legislation which will determine its permanent form. In this recent reorganization we have recognized three distinct functions. First the legislative or policy making function. Second the administrative function of code making and revision and third the judicial function which includes enforcement consumer complaints and the settlement of disputes between employers and employees and between one employer and another. We are now prepared to move into this second phase on the basis of our experience in the first phase under the able and energetic leadership of General Johnson. We shall watch carefully the working of this new machinery for the second phase of N. R. A. modifying it where it needs modification and finally making recommendations to the Congress in order that the functions of N. R. A. which have proved their worth may be made a part of the permanent machinery of government. Let me call your attention to the fact that the National Industrial Recovery Act gave businessmen the opportunity they had sought for years to improve business conditions through what has been called self-government in industry. If the codes which have been written have been too complicated if they have gone too far in such matters as price fixing and limitation of production let it be remembered that so far as possible consistent with the immediate public interest of this past year and the vital necessity of improving labor conditions the representatives of trade and industry were permitted to write their ideas into the codes. It is now time to review these actions as a whole to determine through deliberative means in the light of experience from the standpoint of the good of the industries themselves as well as the general public interest whether the methods and policies adopted in the emergency have been best calculated to promote industrial recovery and a permanent improvement of business and labor conditions. There may be a serious question as to the wisdom of many of those devices to control production or to prevent destructive price cutting which many business organizations have insisted were necessary or whether their effect may have been to prevent that volume of production which would make possible lower prices and increased employment. Another question arises as to whether in fixing minimum wages on the basis of an hourly or weekly wage we have reached into the heart of the problem which is to provide such annual earnings for the lowest paid worker as will meet his minimum needs. We also question the wisdom of extending code requirements suited to the great industrial centers and to large employers to the great number of small employers in the smaller communities. During the last twelve months our industrial recovery has been to some extent retarded by strikes including a few of major importance. I would not minimize the inevitable losses to employers and employees and to the general public through such conflicts. But I would point out that the extent and severity of labor disputes during this period has been far less than in any previous comparable period. When the businessmen of the country were demanding the right to organize themselves adequately to promote their legitimate interests when the farmers were demanding legislation which would give them opportunities and incentives to organize themselves for a common advance it was natural that the workers should seek and obtain a statutory declaration of their constitutional right to organize themselves for collective bargaining as embodied in Section 7 a of the National Industrial Recovery Act. Machinery set up by the Federal government has provided some new methods of adjustment. Both employers and employees mast share the blame of not using them as fully as they should. The employer who turns away from impartial agencies of peace who denies freedom of organization to his employees or fails to make every reasonable effort at a peaceful solution of their differences is not fully supporting the recovery effort of his government. The workers who turn away from these same impartial agencies and decline to use their good offices to gain their ends are likewise not fully cooperating with their government. It is time that we made a clean-cut effort to bring about that united action of management and labor which is one of the high purposes of the Recovery Act. We have passed through more than a year of education. Step by step we have created all the government agencies necessary to insure as a general rule industrial peace with justice for all those willing to use these agencies whenever their voluntary bargaining fails to produce a necessary agreement. There should be at least a full and fair trial given to these means of ending industrial warfare and in such an effort we should be able to secure for employers and employees and consumers the benefits that all derive from the continuous peaceful operation of our essential enterprises. Accordingly I propose to confer within the coming month with small groups of those truly representative of large employers of labor and of large groups of organized labor in order to seek their cooperation in establishing what I may describe as a specific trial period of industrial peace. From those willing to join in establishing this hoped-for period of peace I shall seek assurances of the making and maintenance of agreements which can be mutually relied upon under which wages hours and working conditions may be determined and any later adjustments shall be made either by agreement or in case of disagreement through the mediation or arbitration of state or federal agencies. I shall not ask either employers or employees permanently to lay aside the weapons common to industrial war. But I shall ask both groups to give a fair trial to peaceful methods of adjusting their conflicts of opinion and interest and to experiment for a reasonable time with measures suitable to civilize our industrial civilization. Closely allied to the N. R. A. is the program of Public Works provided for in the same Act and designed to put more men back to work both directly on the public works themselves and indirectly in the industries supplying the materials for these public works. To those who say that our expenditures for Public Works and other means for recovery are a waste that we cannot afford I answer that no country however rich can afford the waste of its human resources. Demoralization caused by vast unemployment is our greatest extravagance. Morally it is the greatest menace to our social order. Some people try to tell me that we must make up our minds that for the future we shall permanently have millions of unemployed just as other countries have had them for over a decade. What may be necessary for those countries is not my responsibility to determine. But as for this country I stand or fall by my refusal to accept as a necessary condition of our future a permanent army of unemployed. On the contrary we must make it a national principle that we will not tolerate a large army of unemployed and that we will arrange our national economy to end our present unemployment as soon as we can and then to take wise measures against its return. I do not want to think that it is the destiny of any American to remain permanently on relief rolls. Those fortunately few in number who are frightened by boldness and cowed by the necessity for making decisions complain that all we have done is unnecessary and subject to great risks. Now that these people are coming out of their storm cellars they forget that there ever was a storm. They point to England. They would have you believe that England has made progress out of her depression by a do-nothing policy by letting nature take her course. England has her pecularities and we have ours but I do not believe any intelligent observer can accuse England of undue orthodoxy in the present emergency. Did England let nature take her course No. Did England hold to the gold standard when her reserves were threatened No. Has England gone back to the gold standard today No. Did England hesitate to call in ten billion dollars of her war bonds bearing 5% interest to issue new bonds therefore bearing only 3 1/2% interest thereby saving the British Treasury one hundred and fifty million dollars a year in interest alone No. And let it be recorded that the British bankers helped. Is it not a fact that ever since the year 1909 Great Britain in many ways has advanced further along lines of social security than the United States Is it not a fact that relations between capital and labor on the basis of collective bargaining are much further advanced in Great Britain than in the United States It is perhaps not strange that the conservative British press has told us with pardonable irony that much of our New Deal program is only an attempt to catch up with English reforms that go back ten years or more. Nearly all Americans are sensible and calm people. We do not get greatly excited nor is our peace of mind disturbed whether we be businessmen or workers or farmers by awesome pronouncements concerning the unconstitutionality of some of our measures of recovery and relief and reform. We are not frightened by reactionary lawyers or political editors. All of these cries have been heard before. More than twenty years ago when Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were attempting to correct abuses in our national life the great Chief Justice White said quot There is great danger it seems to me to arise from the constant habit which prevails where anything is opposed or objected to of referring without rhyme or reason to the Constitution as a means of preventing its accomplishment thus creating the general impression that the Constitution is but a barrier to progress instead of being the broad highway through which alone true progress may be enjoyed. quot In our efforts for recovery we have avoided on the one hand the theory that business should and must be taken over into an all-embracing Government. We have avoided on the other hand the equally untenable theory that it is an interference with liberty to offer reasonable help when private enterprise is in need of help. The course we have followed fits the American practice of Government - a practice of taking action step by step of regulating only to meet concrete needs - a practice of courageous recognition of change. I believe with Abraham Lincoln that quot The legitimate object of Government is to do for a community of people whatever they need to have done but cannot do at all or cannot do so well for themselves in their separate and individual capacities. quot I still believe in ideals. I am not for a return to that definition of Liberty under which for many years a free people were being gradually regimented into the service of the privileged few. I prefer and I am sure you prefer that broader definition of Liberty under which we are moving forward to greater freedom to greater security for the average man than he has ever known before in the history of America. 5. ADDRESS TO ADVISORY COUNCIL OF THE COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC SECURITY ON THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SECURITY. NOVEMBER 14 1934. I am glad to welcome you to the White House and tell you that I am happy that there is so much interest in the problem of economic security. Last June I said that this winter we might well make a beginning in the great task of providing social insurance for the citizen and his family. I have not changed my opinion. I shall have recommendations on this subject to present to the incoming Congress. Many details are still to be settled. The Committee on Economic Security was created to advise me on this matter. It will bring to me not any preconceived views but a mature judgment after careful study of the problem and after consultation with the Advisory Conference and the cooperating committees. On some points it is possible to be definite. Unemployment insurance will be in the program. I am still of the opinion expressed in my message of June eighth that this part of social insurance should be a cooperative Federal-State undertaking. It is important that the Federal Government encourage States which are ready to take this progressive step. It is no less important that all unemployment insurance reserve funds be held and invested by the Federal Government so that the use of these funds as a means of stabilization may be maintained in central management and employed on a national basis. Unemployment insurance must be set up with the purpose of decreasing rather than increasing unemployment. It is of course clear that because of their magnitude the investment and liquidation of reserve funds must be within control of the Government itself. For the administration of insurance benefits the States are the most logical units. At this stage while unemployment insurance is still untried in this country and there is such a great diversity of opinion on many details there is room for some degree of difference in methods though not in principles. That would be impossible under an exclusively national system. And so I can say to you who have come from all parts of the country that not only will there have to be a Federal law on unemployment insurance but State laws will also be needed. In January the great majority of the State Legislatures will convene as well as Congress. You who are interested in seeing that unemployment insurance is established on a nationwide basis should make your plans accordingly. We must not allow this type of insurance to become a dole through the mingling of insurance and relief. It is not charity. It must be financed by contributions not taxes. What I have said must not be understood as implying that we should do nothing further for the people now on relief. On the contrary they must be our first concern. We must get them back into productive employment and as we do so we can bring them under the protection of the insurance system. Let us profit by the mistakes of foreign countries and keep out of unemployment insurance every element which is actuarially unsound. There are other matters with which we must deal before we shall give adequate protection to the individual against the many economic hazards. Old age is at once the most certain and for many people the most tragic of all hazards. There is no tragedy in growing old but there is tragedy in growing old without means of support. As Governor of New York it was my pleasure to recommend passage of the Old-Age Pension Act which I am told is still generally regarded as the most liberal in the country. In approving the bill I expressed my opinion that full solution of this problem is possible only on insurance principles. It takes so very much money to provide even a moderate pension for everybody that when the funds are raised from taxation only a quot means test quot must necessarily be made a condition of the grant of pensions. I do not know whether this is the time for any Federal legislation on old-age security. Organizations promoting fantastic schemes have aroused hopes which cannot possibly be fulfilled. Through their activities they have increased the difficulties of getting sound legislation but I hope that in time we may be able to provide security for the aged a sound and a uniform system which will provide true security. There is also the problem of economic loss due to sickness a very serious matter for many families with and without incomes and therefore an unfair burden upon the medical profession. Whether we come to this form of insurance soon or later on I am confident that we can devise a system which will enhance and not hinder the remarkable progress which has been made and is being made in the practice of the professions of medicine and surgery in the United States. In developing each component part of the broad program for economic security we must not lose sight of the fact that there can be no security for the individual in the midst of general insecurity. Our first task is to get the economic system to function so that there will be a greater general security. Everything that we do with intent to increase the security of the individual will I am confident be a stimulus to recovery. At this time we are deciding on long-time objectives. We are developing a plan of administration into which can be fitted the various parts of the security program when it is timely to do so. We cannot work miracles or solve all our problems at once. What we can do is to lay a sound foundation on which we can build a structure to give a greater measure of safety and happiness to the individual than any we have ever known. In this task you can greatly help. 6. MESSAGE TO CONGRESS ON SOCIAL SECURITY. JANUARY 17 1935 In addressing you on June eighth 1934 I summarized the main objectives of our American program. Among these was and is the security of the men women and children of the Nation against certain hazards and vicissitudes of life. This purpose is an essential part of our task. In my annual message to you I promised to submit a definite program of action. This I do in the form of a report to me by a Committee on Economic Security appointed by me for the purpose of surveying the field and of recommending the basis of legislation. I am gratified with the work of this Committee and of those who have helped it The Technical Board on Economic Security drawn from various departments of the Government the Advisory Council on Economic Security consisting of informed and public spirited private citizens and a number of other advisory groups including a committee on actuarial consultants a medical advisory board a dental advisory committee a hospital advisory committee a public health advisory committee a child welfare committee and an advisory committee on employment relief. All of those who participated in this notable task of planning this major legislative proposal are ready and willing at any time to consult with and assist in any way the appropriate Congressional committees and members with respect to detailed aspects. It is my best judgment that this legislation should be brought forward with a minimum of delay. Federal action is necessary to and conditioned upon the action of States. Forty-four legislatures are meeting or will meet soon. In order that the necessary State action may be taken promptly it is important that the Federal Government proceed speedily. The detailed report of the Committee sets forth a series of proposals that will appeal to the sound sense of the American people. It has not attempted the impossible nor has it failed to exercise sound caution and consideration of all of the factors concerned the national credit the rights and responsibilities of States the capacity of industry to assume financial responsibilities and the fundamental necessity of proceeding in a manner that will merit the enthusiastic support of citizens of all sorts. It is overwhelmingly important to avoid any danger of permanently discrediting the sound and necessary policy of Federal legislation for economic security by attempting to apply it on too ambitious a scale before actual experience has provided guidance for the permanently safe direction of such efforts. The place of such a fundamental in our future civilization is too precious to be jeopardized now by extravagant action. It is a sound idea a sound ideal. Most of the other advanced countries of the world have already adopted it and their experience affords the knowledge that social insurance can be made a sound and workable project. Three principles should be observed in legislation on this subject. First the system adopted except for the money necessary to initiate it should be self-sustaining in the sense that funds for the payment of insurance benefits should not come from the proceeds of general taxation. Second excepting in old-age insurance actual management should be left to the States subject to standards established by the Federal Government. Third sound financial management of the funds and the reserves and protection of the credit structure of the Nation should be assured by retaining Federal control over all funds through trustees in the Treasury of the United States. At this time I recommend the following types of legislation looking to economic security 1. Unemployment compensation. 2. Old-age benefits including compulsory and voluntary annuities. 3. Federal aid to dependent children through grants to States for the support of existing mothers' pension systems and for services for the protection and care of homeless neglected dependent and crippled children. 4. Additional Federal aid to State and local public health agencies and the strengthening of the Federal Public Health Service. I am not at this time recommending the adoption of so called ldquo health insurance rdquo although groups representing the medical profession are cooperating with the Federal Government in the further study of the subject and definite progress is being made. With respect to unemployment compensation I have concluded that the most practical proposal is the levy of a uniform Federal payroll tax ninety per cent of which should be allowed as an offset to employers contributing under a compulsory State unemployment compensation act. The purpose of this is to afford a requirement of a reasonably uniform character for all States cooperating with the Federal Government and to promote and encourage the passage of unemployment compensation laws in the States. The ten per cent not thus offset should be used to cover the costs of Federal and State administration of this broad system. Thus States will largely administer unemployment compensation assisted and guided by the Federal Government. An unemployment compensation system should be constructed in such a way as to afford every practicable aid and incentive toward the larger purpose of employment stabilization. This can be helped by the intelligent planning of both public and private employment. It also can be helped by correlating the system with public employment so that a person who has exhausted his benefits may be eligible for some form of public work as is recommended in this report. Moreover in order to encourage the stabilization of private employment Federal legislation should not foreclose the States from establishing means for inducing industries to afford an even greater stabilization of employment. In the important field of security for our old people it seems necessary to adopt three principles First non-contributory old-age pensions for those who are now too old to build up their own insurance. It is of course clear that for perhaps thirty years to come funds will have to be provided by the States and the Federal Government to meet these pensions. Second compulsory contributory annuities which in time will establish a self-supporting system for those now young and for future generations. Third voluntary contributory annuities by which individual initiative can increase the annual amounts received in old age. It is proposed that the Federal Government assume one-half of the cost of the old-age pension plan which ought ultimately to be supplanted by self-supporting annuity plans. The amount necessary at this time for the initiation of unemployment compensation old-age security children's aid and the promotion of public health as outlined in the report of the Committee on Economic Security is approximately one hundred million dollars. The establishment of sound means toward a greater future economic security of the American people is dictated by a prudent consideration of the hazards involved in our national life. No one can guarantee this country against the dangers of future depressions but we can reduce these dangers. We can eliminate many of the factors that cause economic depressions and we can provide the means of mitigating their results. This plan for economic security is at once a measure of prevention and a method of alleviation. We pay now for the dreadful consequence of economic insecurity mdash and dearly. This plan presents a more equitable and infinitely less expensive means of meeting these costs. We cannot afford to neglect the plain duty before us. I strongly recommend action to attain the objectives sought in this report. 7. PRESIDENTIAL STATEMENT SIGNING THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT. AUGUST 14 1935 Today a hope of many years' standing is in large part fulfilled. The civilization of the past hundred years with its startling industrial changes has tended more and more to make life insecure. Young people have come to wonder what would be their lot when they came to old age. The man with a job has wondered how long the job would last. This social security measure gives at least some protection to thirty millions of our citizens who will reap direct benefits through unemployment compensation through old-age pensions and through increased services for the protection of children and the prevention of ill health. We can never insure one hundred percent of the population against one hundred percent of the hazards and vicissitudes of life but we have tried to frame a law which will give some measure of protection to the average citizen and to his family against the loss of a job and against poverty-ridden old age. This law too represents a cornerstone in a structure which is being built but is by no means complete. It is a structure intended to lessen the force of possible future depressions. It will act as a protection to future Administrations against the necessity of going deeply into debt to furnish relief to the needy. The law will flatten out the peaks and valleys of deflation and of inflation. It is in short a law that will take care of human needs and at the same time provide the United States an economic structure of vastly greater soundness. I congratulate all of you ladies and gentlemen all of you in the Congress in the executive departments and all of you who come from private life and I thank you for your splendid efforts in behalf of this sound needed and patriotic legislation. If the Senate and the House of Representatives in this long and arduous session had done nothing more than pass this Bill the session would be regarded as historic for all time. 8. A RECOMMENDATION FOR LEGISLATION AMENDING THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT- DECEMBER 14 1937. My Dear Senator Mr. Altmeyer Chairman of the Social Security Board has submitted to me some non-controversial amendments to the Social Security Act. In brief they cover the points listed in the attached memorandum. I feel they are of sufficient importance to warrant their passage at the earliest possible date. As these amendments will considerably improve the effectiveness of this important Act I have asked Chairman Altmeyer to discuss this matter with you personally. Best wishes to you. Very Sincerely yours Honorable Pat Harrison United States Senate Washington D.C. A similar letter was sent to Congressman Robert L. Doughton. Summary of Amendments to the Social Security Act forwarded with the foregoing letter. 1. To pay death claims direct to the wife or dependent children and save expense of probating estates as in veterans' laws. This would save real money to the widow and to the Board. 2. To change quot wages payable quot in unemployment compensation to quot wages paid quot as in old-age insurance and permit a duplicate list of wage payments and so complete our efforts greatly to simplify employers' wage reports. 3. To enable quot merit rating quot to work by making technical changes. It becomes effective in Wisconsin January 1 1938. 4. To permit earlier payment of unemployment compensation in states that passed their laws late. For two years funds have been built up in these states. With increasing unemployment this will get money earlier to those laid off. 5. To permit persons now 60 and over to continue working through 1941 to qualify upon retirement for monthly old-age annuities instead of receiving small lump sum payments. A great gain all around. 6. To increase coverage. a. To seamen on American vessels. Approved by Maritime Commission and the International Seamen's Union and the National Maritime Union. b. To employees of national banks state banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System institutions that are members of the Home Loan Bank system and the like. The American Bankers Association approves. NOTE In signing the Social Security Act on August 14 1935 I stated that it quot represents a cornerstone in a structure which is being built but is by no means complete quot see Item 107 1935 volume . The Act constituted a pioneer effort on the part of the Federal Government but although it was comprehensive in scope we recognized that it would have to be developed with experience. After over two years of operation of the Social Security Act we concluded that it should be expanded in certain directions. Accordingly I urged Senator Harrison the Chairman of the Finance Committee of the Senate and Representative Doughton the Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives to consider the changes in the Act outlined by Chairman Altmeyer of the Social Security Board in the foregoing summary. During 1938 Senator Harrison and Representative Doughton held frequent conferences with Chairman Altmeyer. Meanwhile several new amendments to the Act seemed advisable and on April 28 1938 I wrote to Chairman Altmeyer advocating that the old-age insurance system be revised and extended to provide for earlier payments. I also recommended that further liberalizing changes be made in the old-age insurance provisions of the Act see Item 56 1938 volume . Inasmuch as several additional substantive amendments were being developed by the Social Security Board it was decided to postpone congressional hearings upon all amendments until the final report of the Board was submitted. By the close of 1938 this report had been completed and I transmitted it to the Congress on January 16 1939 see Item 11 1939 volume . After the report was submitted hearings were held upon the amendments outlined in the foregoing letter and also upon the later suggestions of the Social Security Board. Many of these recommendations were enacted and approved by me on August 10 1939 Public No. 379 76th Congress 53 Stat. 1360 . For a discussion of the nature of these amendments see Item 109 and note 1939 volume. 9. A RECOMMENDATION FOR LIBERALIZING THE OLD-AGE INSURANCE SYSTEM APRIL 28 1938. My Dear Mr. Chairman I am very anxious that in the press of administrative duties the Social Security Board will not lose sight of the necessity of studying ways and means of improving and extending the provisions of the Social Security Act. The enactment of the Social Security Act marked a great advance in affording more equitable and effective protection to the people of this country against widespread and growing economic hazards. The successful operation of the Act is the best proof that it was soundly conceived. However it would be unfortunate if we assumed that it was complete and final. Rather we should be constantly seeking to perfect and strengthen it in the light of our accumulating experience and growing appreciation of social needs. I am particularly anxious that the Board give attention to the development of a sound plan for liberalizing the old-age insurance system. In the development of such a plan I should like to have the Board give consideration to the feasibility of extending its coverage commencing the payment of old-age insurance annuities at an earlier date than January 1 1942 paying larger benefits than now provided in the Act for those retiring during the earlier years of the system providing benefits for aged wives and widows and providing benefits for young children of insured persons dying before reaching retirement age. It is my hope that the Board will be prepared to submit its recommendations before Congress reconvenes in January. Very truly yours The President Mr. Arthur J. Altmeyer Chairman Social Security Board Washington D.C. NOTE The Social Security Act Public No. 271 74th Congress 49 Stat. 620 expressly provides that the Social Security Board shall conduct studies and make recommendations related to the most effective methods of providing economic security through social insurance. Pursuant to the foregoing request the Board made a thorough survey of those proposals which I suggested in my letter to Chairman Altmeyer along with various other changes which it appeared advisable to make. The Board submitted its report and recommendations and I transmitted it to the Congress on January 16 1939 see Item 11 1939 volume . The report of the Board advocated the adoption of all the suggestions which I had asked in the above letter to be considered. Subsequently these recommendations were written into law when the amendments to the Social Security Act were adopted on August 11 1939 see Item 109 1939 volume . For example 1. Extending the coverage of the old-age insurance system. Under the 1939 amendments the old-age insurance provisions of the Social Security Act were extended to include about 1 100 000 additional persons. The additional groups covered were seamen bank employees and employed persons age sixty-five and over. 2. Commencing the payment of old-age insurance annuities at an earlier date than January 1 1942. The 1939 amendments advanced the date for beginning monthly old-age insurance benefit payments to January 1 1940. 3. Paying larger benefits than now provided in the Act for those retiring during the earlier years of the system. Under the original Act the basic amount paid in old-age retirement benefits was computed from the total accumulated wages of the person retiring. Thus an individual who reached sixty-five within a short time after the passage of the Act would not have a very large annuity because the wages accumulated would be small. Under the amendments adopted in 1939 the basis for paying benefits was changed from accumulated wages to average wages. In this way a person retiring in the early years of the system would receive more than a paltry amount. 4. Providing benefits for aged wives and widows. The 1939 amendments to the Act granted supplemental benefits to the wife age sixty-five or over of an insured individual. The total amount of the wife's benefit equals one half of the husband's. Additional provision was made for widows' old-age insurance benefits. Since the adoption of the 1939 amendments when the widow of a fully insured individual reaches 65 she is eligible for a total benefit of three-fourths of that of her late husband. Regardless of age a widow with one or more children now also receives a total benefit equal to three-fourths of that of her late husband. 5. Providing benefits for young children of insured persons dying before reaching retirement age. Under the 1939 amendments monthly insurance benefits equal to one-half of the amount due to the parent are made available to unmarried dependent orphans who have not yet reached eighteen years of age. 10. quot A Social Security Program Must Include All Those Who Need Its Protection. quot RADIO ADDRESS ON THE THIRD ANNIVERSARY OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT. AUGUST 15 1938 You my friends in every walk of life and in every part of the Nation who are active believers in Social Security The Social Security Act is three years old today. This is a good vantage point from which to take a long look backward to its beginnings to cast an appraising eye over what it has accomplished so far and to survey its possibilities of future growth. Five years ago the term quot social security quot was new to American ears. Today it has significance for more than forty million men and women workers whose applications for old-age insurance accounts have been received this system is designed to assure them an income for life after old age retires them from their jobs. It has significance for more than twenty-seven and a half million men and women wage earners who have earned credits under State unemployment insurance laws which provide half wages to help bridge the gap between jobs. It has significance for the needy men women and children receiving assistance and for their families at least two million three hundred thousand all told with this cash assistance one million seven hundred thousand old folks are spending their last years in surroundings they know and with people they love more than six hundred thousand dependent children are being taken care of by their own families and about forty thousand blind people are assured of peace and security among familiar voices. It has significance for the families and communities to whom expanded public health and child welfare services have brought added protection. And it has significance for all of us who as citizens have at heart the Security and the well-being of this great democracy. These accomplishments of three years are impressive yet we should not be unduly proud of them. Our Government in fulfilling an obvious obligation to the citizens of the country has been doing so only because the citizens require action from their Representatives. If the people during these years had chosen a reactionary Administration or a quot do nothing quot Congress Social Security would still be in the conversational stage a beautiful dream which might come true in the dim distant future. But the underlying desire for personal and family security was nothing new. In the early days of colonization and through the long years following the worker the farmer the merchant the man of property the preacher and the idealist came here to build each for himself a stronghold for the things he loved. The stronghold was his home the things he loved and wished to protect were his family his material and spiritual possessions. His security then as now was bound to that of his friends and his neighbors. But as the Nation has developed as invention industry and commerce have grown more complex the hazards of life have become more complex. Among an increasing host of fellow citizens among the often intangible forces of giant industry man has discovered that his individual strength and wits were no longer enough. This was true not only of the worker at shop bench or ledger it was true also of the merchant or manufacturer who employed him. Where heretofore men had turned to neighbors for help and advice they now turned to Government. Now this is interesting to consider. The first to turn to Government the first to receive protection from Government were not the poor and the lowly those who had no resources other than their daily earnings but the rich and the strong. Beginning in the nineteenth century the United States passed protective laws designed in the main to give security to property owners to industrialists to merchants and to bankers. True the little man often profited by this type of legislation but that was a by-product rather than a motive. Taking a generous view of the situation I think it was not that Government deliberately ignored the working man but that the working man was not sufficiently articulate to make his needs and his problems known. The powerful in industry and commerce had powerful voices both individually and as a group. And whenever they saw their possessions threatened they raised their voices in appeals for government protection. It was not until workers became more articulate through organization that protective labor legislation was passed. While such laws raised the standards of life they still gave no assurance of economic security. Strength or skill of arm or brain did not guarantee a man a job it did not guarantee him a roof it did not guarantee him the ability to provide for those dependent upon him or to take care of himself when he was too old to work. Long before the economic blight of the depression descended on the Nation millions of our people were living in wastelands of want and fear. Men and women too old and infirm to work either depended on those who had but little to share or spent their remaining years within the walls of a poorhouse. Fatherless children early learned the meaning of being a burden to relatives or to the community. Men and women still strong still young but discarded as gainful workers were drained of self-confidence and self-respect. The millions of today want and have a right to the same security their forefathers sought the assurance that with health and the willingness to work they will find a place for themselves in the social and economic system of the time. Because it has become increasingly difficult for individuals to build their own security single-handed Government must now step in and help them lay the foundation stones just as Government in the past has helped lay the foundation of business and industry. We must face the fact that in this country we have a rich man's security and a poor man's security and that the Government owes equal obligations to both. National security is not a half and half manner it is all or none. The Social Security Act offers to all our citizens a workable and working method of meeting urgent present needs and of forestalling future need. It utilizes the familiar machinery of our Federal-State government to promote the common welfare and the economic stability of the Nation. The Act does not offer anyone either individually or collectively an easy life nor was it ever intended so to do. None of the sums of money paid out to individuals in assistance or in insurance will spell anything approaching abundance. But they will furnish that minimum necessity to keep a foothold and that is the kind of protection Americans want. What we are doing is good. But it is not good enough. To be truly national a social security program must include all those who need its protection. Today many of our citizens are still excluded from old-age insurance and unemployment compensation because of the nature of their employment. This must be set aright and it will be. Some time ago I directed the Social Security Board to give attention to the development of a plan for liberalizing and extending the old-age insurance system to provide benefits for wives widows and orphans. More recently a National Health Conference was held at my suggestion to consider ways and means of extending to the people of this country more adequate health and medical services and also to afford the people of this country some protection against the economic losses arising out of ill health. I am hopeful that on the basis of studies and investigations now under way the Congress will improve and extend the law. I am also confident that each year will bring further development in Federal and State social security legislation and that is as it should be. One word of warning however. In our efforts to provide security for all of the American people let us not allow ourselves to be misled by those who advocate short cuts to Utopia of fantastic financial schemes. We have come a long way. But we still have a long way to go. There is still today a frontier that remains unconquered an America unclaimed. This is the great the nationwide frontier of insecurity of human want and fear. This is the frontier the America we have set ourselves to reclaim. This Third Anniversary would not be complete if I did not express the gratitude of the Nation to those splendid citizens who so greatly helped me in making social security legislation possible and to those patriotic men and women both employers and employees who in their daily activities are today hearing social security work. First of all to the first woman who has ever sat in the Cabinet of the United States Miss Frances Perkins then and now the Secretary of Labor. Then to the unselfish Commission of men and women who in 1934 devoted themselves to the almost superhuman task of studying all manner of American problems of examining legislation already attempted in other nations and of coordinating the whole into practical recommendations for legislative action. Finally I thank publicly as I have so often thanked them privately four men who have had long and distinguished careers in the public service Congressman David J. Lewis of Maryland who is known as one of the Americas pioneers in the cause of Social Security Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York who also was long its advocate Senator Harrison of Mississippi and Congressman Doughton of North Carolina who carried the bill successfully through the Senate and the House of Representatives. They deserve and have the gratitude of all of us for this service to mankind NOTE The idea of Social Security which some reactionaries used to label as alien to the American tradition has become so firmly rooted here in America that business labor finance and all political parties now accept it as a permanent system. During the years since the passage of the original Social Security Act in 1935 we have been constantly studying the system in operation. As the result of many investigations and surveys we have been able to strengthen the original act and to extend it to cover additional activities see Item 163 1937 volume Item 56 this volume Items 11 and 109 1939 volume and accompanying notes . When I signed the Social Security Act I stated what I conceived to be the basic purposes of the legislation see Item 107 and note 1935 volume for a more detailed analysis of how the various phases of the Act actually operate . The program attempts to deal with many of the factors which make for economic insecurity among our people. The first threat against security that of spending one's aged years in the poor house is dispelled in two ways. In the first place an old-age insurance system is established enabling retirement at sixty-five on a pension. The amount of the pension depends upon wages received and taxes paid by both employers and employees. At present 1941 payrolls and wages are taxed 2 percent in order to raise the funds to pay the statutory benefits to workers and their wives who are over sixty-five. Survivors' benefits are now also available for aged widows or aged dependent parents young widows with dependent children and unmarried dependent orphans under eighteen. In the second place an old-age assistance program has been established independent of the old-age insurance system. The assistance is in the form of federal grants-in-aid to the states to provide funds for the pensioning and relief of old people. When the federal government has approved the assistance plan of a particular state it contributes with the states on a 50-50 basis up to a total of $40 per month per individual with a little extra for administrative purposes. The other great threat to security is the spectre of unemployment. Unemployment insurance has been set up largely on a state-administered basis in cooperation with the Federal Government. The federal payroll tax for this purpose is merely nominal employers being freed from 90 percent of this tax if they contribute an equal amount to state unemployment insurance plans approved by the Social Security Board. The United States Employment Service also maintains employment offices in the states to facilitate ready placement of job applicants where needed. In addition to these forms of assistance federal grants are made by the Social Security Board in varying amounts to assist the states in aiding dependent children and needy blind persons. Under the Social Security Act the Children's Bureau of the Department of Labor administers grants to states for maternal and child welfare and the aid of crippled children the United States Public Health Service administers grants to states to develop state health programs and the Office of Education administers grants to states for vocational rehabilitation. With the exception of the Children's Bureau all the above offices and bureaus have been placed within the Federal Security Agency since the adoption of Reorganization Plan No. 1 see Item 66 1939 volume . From the standpoint of effective coordination of the social security program this is of great importance inasmuch as closer working relationships have been established among the Social Security Board the United States Public Health Service the Office of Education the National Youth Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps. Administratively the Social Security Board is composed of three members appointed by the President by and with the consent of the Senate. Not more than two of the members may be of one political party and the President designates the chairman. Administrative and executive action is in the hands of the executive director who also supervises and coordinates the work of the various bureaus. The actuary of the Board performs the important function of planning the various phases of the program on a long-range basis to determine the adequacy of funds available benefits which can be paid etc. There are three operating bureaus and three service bureaus within the Social Security Board. The operating bureaus are 1. The Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors' Insurance which administers the monthly benefits which are paid to aged workers their wives or survivors and dependent children under the old-age insurance scheme. 2. The Bureau of Employment Security which administers the unemployment compensation features of the Social Security Act analyzes and certifies the adequacy of state unemployment compensation laws furnishes technical aid to the states in drafting their legislation assists the states in developing their administrative policies and specifications supervises the functions of the former United States Employment Service aids farmers veterans and District of Columbia residents to obtain employment and assists public employment offices throughout the country. 3. The Bureau of Public Assistance which supervises federal grants for old-age assistance aid to dependent children and aid to the needy blind. It advises and assists the states in initiating or amending state public assistance laws consults with the states on technical problems acts as a clearing house for information gathered from the various states and analyzes and develops standards and procedures. The service bureaus within the Social Security Board consist of the Bureau of Research and Statistics the Bureau of Accounts and Audits and the Informational Service. These three service bureaus work in close conjunction with the operating bureaus. The Bureau of Research and Statistics investigates such problems as the factors causing insecurity the adequacy of existing legislation and the problems caused by the application of the program to various population groups. It plans and conducts the statistical service and advises the states on the statistical reports required by the Board. The Bureau publishes a record of the volume and trend of general relief in the United States in collaboration with other government and private agencies. The Bureau of Accounts and Audits maintains the accounting and auditing records of the Board. It has charge of an administrative audit and also a field audit of states receiving federal grants. It examines financial insufficiency of state plans submitted and assists the states in improving their accounting procedures. It also advises the Board on governmental fiscal programs. The Informational Service keeps the public posted and answers inquiries about rights benefits and responsibilities under the Act. It also cooperates with the states in planning and conducting their informational programs. In the fiscal year ending June 30 1940 individuals participating in the Social Security Act and related state legislation received a total of $1 085 800 000 in comparison with $897 000 000 for the preceding year. The amount for 1939-40 was distributed as follows Public assistance....................$587 700 000 Unemployment benefits................$482 500 000 Old-age and Survivors insurance......$17 600 000 The above amounts do not include the funds allotted to the states to cover administrative expenses nor do they include expenditures by other federal agencies for public health welfare and vocational rehabilitation services under the Social Security Act. Since the United States Employment Service has been consolidated into the Social Security Board the employment security program of the Board has been expanded and strengthened. The state employment offices maintained by federal funds filled more than 3 500 000 jobs during the past year and were instrumental in making 1 100 000 supplementary placements. By the end of the fiscal year 1940 there were close to 1 500 employment offices and more than 3 000 itinerant service facilities provided throughout the country. Having the information drawn from state unemployment compensation systems at its disposal the Board is now in a strategic position to help to bring workers and jobs together. By June 1940 approximately 28 million workers had wage credits under state unemployment compensation laws. At the same date more than 40 million had received wages counting toward old age benefits. During the fiscal year benefits were advanced to more than 5 million different persons unemployed in that period totaling nearly $500 000 000 and the weekly average of workers receiving such benefits exceeded $73 000. In addition under the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act administered by the Railroad Retirement Board 161 000 workers received benefits totaling $14 800 000. In the brief period since January 1 1940 that the old-age and survivors' insurance system has been in operation nearly 109 000 persons have received monthly benefits. When this program reaches its peak level it will involve a larger number of persons and a larger amount of funds than any phase of the social security scheme. Although the amount already made available is small in dollars it has been invaluable in restoring faith in the future. The amendments to the Social Security Act passed in 1939 stimulated the states to participate actively in the public assistance plans under the Act. About 2 200 000 needy aged persons 55 000 blind persons and 1 million children in over 400 000 families were assisted under the terms of the Act during the fiscal year 1939-1940. It is interesting to note that whereas during the fiscal year 1938-1939 public assistance to the needy aged blind and children constituted 14.4 percent of the aggregate expenditures for public aid in the year ending June 30 1940 similar assistance represented 18.3 percent of the aggregate expenditures of $3 300 000 000 by the Federal Government for public aid. The Social Security Board and the machinery set up under the program have played an important role in meeting the requirements of national defense. In April 1940 an inventory was made of the active file of those who had registered at public employment offices. With the work histories of 5 million job seekers available it was easier to determine what the existing labor reserves were and where they existed. In June 1940 the Social Security Board assembled the Federal Advisory Council for Employment Security to consider defense problems. This body consisting of representatives of employers employees and the public was originally appointed to advise the Board on questions arising in connection with the public employment offices. After a two-day conference the Advisory Council presented an eight-point program which was accepted on June 28 1940 by the Advisory Commission to the Council of National Defense. This plan urged employers and employees to communicate their immediate and prospective employment requirements promptly to the local public employment office and to depend upon this machinery to fulfill their needs. The employment offices were directed to recatalog the skills available and take steps to institute training programs where there was a shortage. It was further recommended that the decentralized features of this program be preserved that preference be accorded to citizens and that in the event of universal registration for defense an inventory of employment qualifications be made. Under the Second Deficiency Appropriation Act approved June 27 1940 $2 000 000 was appropriated to assist and supervise state employment services in selecting and placing workers in national defense industries. Funds were also provided for the Office of Education to cooperate with the Social Security Board in providing vocational training for workers selected from public employment registers. Since the speeding up of the defense program there has been very close cooperation with the National Defense Advisory Commission and the Office of Production Management the War and Navy Departments the Selective Service System and Civil Service Commission. The public employment offices as of October 31 1940 have registered a total of 192 129 workers equipped with skill or experience in about 500 different industries including such essential defense activities as aircraft machine shop work and machine tool manufacturing foundry work construction ship building metal working electrical equipment radio telephone and telegraph. The employment offices have aided measurably in furthering the defense program through placing men in these industries. There is special cooperation with the Civil Service Commission in the maintenance of an adequate supply of men for placement in arsenals and navy yards. In order to maintain adequate labor reserves and to guide the transfer of workers from point to point thirteen regional clearance offices have been established. The Board has aided the War Department in analyzing army jobs and has helped local selective service boards in assembling information to be used for classification or deferment of workers. As the result of visits to 20 000 defense plants the Board has compiled estimates of defense labor requirements to be supplied to all of the defense agencies. These estimates are very significant summaries of employment conditions changes in labor demand and supply and trends in hiring practices. In my message to the Congress on September 14 1940 I called attention to the need for additional legislation to protect the social insurance of those called into military service see Item 96 1940 volume . The Board has participated actively in developing plans for taking care of those who joined the armed forces. There is of course still room for improvement in our social security system. I have repeatedly recommended that it be extended to cover many of the occupations now specifically exempted under the Act see Item 163 1937 volume Item 56 this volume Items 11 and 109 1939 volume . Also the health provisions of the Social Security Act are now inadequate to cover the costs of medical care and provide for temporary or permanent disability. There are other changes which have been suggested from time to time by the Board the most pressing of which concerns the plight of those states financially incapable of matching federal grants for public assistance. In 1939 the Board recommended that the grants be placed upon a different basis in order to take care of the varying economic capacities of the states but the Congress failed to pass this proposal. Yet the program has gone a long way toward eliminating one of the most fearsome evils of our economic system insecurity. It has provided new life and hope for millions of our citizens and has bolstered the mechanisms of our economy to help it withstand the dislocations of war as well as the shock of great economic cycles of disaster in peace-time. 11. A MESSAGE TRANSMITTING TO THE CONGRESS A REPORT OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY BOARD RECOMMENDING CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE LAW. JANUARY 16 1939. To the Congress Four years ago I sent to the newly convened Congress a message transmitting a report of the Committee on Economic Security. In that message I urged that Congress consider the enactment into law of the program of protection for our people outlined in that report. The Congress acted upon that recommendation and today we have the Social Security Act in effect throughout the length and breadth of our country. This Act has amply proved its essential soundness. More than two and one half million needy old people needy blind persons and dependent children are now receiving systematic and humane assistance to the extent of a half billion dollars a year. Three and a half million unemployed persons have received out-of-work benefits amounting to $400 000 000 during the last year. A Federal old-age insurance system the largest undertaking of its kind ever attempted has been organized and under it there have been set up individual accounts covering 42 500 000 persons who may be likened to the policy holders of a private insurance company. In addition there are the splendid accomplishments in the field of public health vocational rehabilitation maternal and child welfare and related services made possible by the Social Security Act. We have a right to be proud of the progress we have made in the short time the Social Security Act has been in operation. However we would be derelict in our responsibility if we did not take advantage of the experience we have accumulated to strengthen and extend its provisions. I submit for your consideration a report of the Social Security Board which at my direction and in accordance with the congressional mandate contained in the Social Security Act itself has been assembling data and developing ways and means of improving the operation of the Social Security Act. I particularly call attention to the desirability of affording greater old age security. The report suggests a two-fold approach which I believe to be sound. One way is to begin the payment of monthly old-age insurance benefits sooner and to liberalize the benefits to be paid in the early years. The other way is to make proportionately larger Federal grants-in-aid to those states with limited fiscal capacities so that they may provide more adequate assistance to those in need. This result can and should be accomplished in such a way as to involve little if any additional cost to the Federal Government. Such a method embodies a principle that may well be applied to other Federal grants-in-aid. I also call attention to the desirability of affording greater protection to dependent children. Here again the report suggests a two-fold approach which I believe to be sound. One way is to extend our Federal old-age insurance system so as to provide regular monthly benefits not only to the aged but also to the dependent children of workers dying before reaching retirement age. The other way is to liberalize the Federal grants-in-aid to the states to help finance assistance to dependent children. As regards both the Federal old-age insurance system and the Federal-State unemployment compensation system equity and sound social policy require that the benefits be extended to all of our people as rapidly as administrative experience and public understanding permit. Such an extension is particularly important in the case of the Federal old-age insurance system. Even without amendment the old-age insurance benefits payable in the early years are very liberal in comparison with the taxes paid. This is necessarily so in order that these benefits may accomplish their purpose of forestalling dependency. But this very fact creates the necessity of extending this protection to as large a proportion as possible of our employed population in order to avoid unfair discrimination. Much of the success of the Social Security Act is due to the fact that all of the programs contained in this act with one necessary exception are administered by the states themselves but coordinated and partially financed by the Federal Government. This method has given us flexible administration and has enabled us to put these programs into operation quickly. However in some states incompetent and politically dominated personnel has been distinctly harmful. Therefore I recommend that the states be required as a condition for the receipt of Federal funds to establish and maintain a merit system for the selection of personnel. Such a requirement would represent a protection to the states and citizens thereof rather than an encroachment by the Federal Government since it would automatically promote efficiency and eliminate the necessity for minute Federal scrutiny of state operations. I cannot too strongly urge the wisdom of building upon the principles contained in the present Social Security Act in affording greater protection to our people rather than turning to untried and demonstrably unsound panaceas. As I stated in my message four years ago quot It is overwhelmingly important to avoid any danger of permanently discrediting the sound and necessary policy of Federal legislation for economic security by attempting to apply it on too ambitious a scale before actual experience has provided guidance for the permanently safe direction of such efforts. The place of such a fundamental in our future civilization is too precious to be jeopardized now by the extravagant action. quot We shall make the most orderly progress if we look upon social security as a development toward a goal rather than a finished product. We shall make the most lasting progress if we recognize that social security can furnish only a base upon which each one of our citizens may build his individual security through his own individual efforts. NOTE Back in 1934 I created an Advisory Council on Economic Security to assist the Committee on Economic Security in its investigations which eventually led to the formulation and adoption of the Social Security Act in 1935 see Items 117 and 179 1934 volume . The Act was based upon the careful research and the thorough studies and surveys made by both the Advisory Council and the Committee. Since the passage of the basic statute we have had considerable experience in the administration of the social security program. We had an opportunity to test the operation of its various features in order to determine the directions in which it might be plausible to expand the Act. In May 1937 another Advisory Council on Social Security was appointed by the Social Security Board and by a subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Finance. This body was similar in some respects to the old Advisory Council which I had created in 1934. It was composed of twenty-five members representing employers employees and the public and it concentrated its attention upon the problems arising out of the operation of the old-age insurance program. Throughout 1937 and 1938 the Advisory Council investigated the ways in which the old-age insurance provisions of the Act could be improved. At the same time the Social Security Board itself was carrying on surveys and on December 14 1937 Chairman Altmeyer submitted to me a list of suggested improvements see Item 163 and note 1937 volume . On April 28 1938 I wrote to Chairman Altmeyer requesting that the Board study some additional changes in the old-age insurance provisions see Item 56 and note 1938 volume . The quot Final Report of the Advisory Council on Social Security quot dated December 10 1938 was before the Committee on Finance of the Senate and the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives when they started their deliberations on the Act. The report of the Social Security Board on the proposed changes in the Act was also referred to the congressional committees concerned along with the foregoing message which I sent to the Congress. From February 1 until April 7 1939 the House Ways and Means Committee held hearings on possible amendments to the Act and over ninety social security bills were referred to the Committee. H.R. 6635 finally passed the House of Representatives on June 10 1939 by a vote of 361 to 2 and the bill as amended passed the Senate on July 13 1939 by a vote of 57-8. After the adoption of the conference report I signed H.R. 6635 on August 10 1939 as 53.Stat. 1360 see Item 109 this volume . Most of the reforms recommended by the Social Security Board were embodied in the amendments which were passed by the Congress. The following account outlines changes which the Board advocated and the extent to which their suggestions were followed by the Congress 1. Federal Old-Age Insurance a. Benefits The Board recommended that monthly benefit payments start in 1940 instead of on January 1 1942 as scheduled. The amendments advanced the date for beginning payments to January 1 1940. Because those retiring in the early years of the operation of the system would receive very small amounts the Board suggested that supplementary benefits be provided for aged wives and that average wages instead of total wages be used as a basis for computing benefits. Both these reforms were carried into effect when the amendments were passed with aged wives being granted supplementary benefits totaling one-half of the old-age insurance benefit of their husbands. Under the Social Security Act of 1935 single lump-sum cash payments amounting to 3 frac12 percent of the worker's total wages were made at the time of his death. The Board felt that monthly benefits to widows and orphans would be preferable. These recommendations were carried out by the 1939 amendments which granted monthly benefits to widows who had reached 65 unmarried dependent orphans under 18 younger widows with children and aged dependent parents. b. Coverage The Social Security Board recommended that the old-age insurance system be extended to cover employees in large-scale farming operations and that eventually agricultural labor be covered completely. Likewise it was advocated that the following groups be covered into the operation of the Act domestic service maritime employment with the exception of foreign crews on American vessels engaged in foreign trade services performed for religious educational charitable and non-profit organizations services performed for the federal and state governments or their instrumentalities those workers employed after they passed the age of 65 and those workers performing personal service who did not fall within the term quot employee quot as used in this Act. Under the 1939 amendments three of the above groups were placed within the system maritime workers those earning wages after they reached 65 and employees of federal instrumentalities such as member banks in the Federal Reserve System. Several other clarifying amendments were passed such as the exemption of foreign governments and their instrumentalities the exclusion of any instrumentality wholly state-owned or constitutionally tax-exempt and the coverage of an employee performing both excluded and included types of employment where the latter predominates during a particular pay period. c. Financing The Board made no definite recommendations regarding the financing of the system beyond stating that if additional funds were needed they should be raised by taxes other than those on payrolls. The 1939 amendments postponed until 1943 the increased taxes to be paid by employers and employees. Under the original terms of the Act the 1 percent old-age insurance tax was to be stepped up to 1 frac12 percent during the years 1940 1941 and 1942. However the amendments froze the rate of 1 percent until 1942 thus saving employers and workers about $275 000 000 in 1940 and $825 000 000 for the three years. d. Administrative changes The following recommendations of the Board were enacted in the 1939 amendments 1 Employers are now required to make a statement to employees showing the amount of taxes deducted from their wages under the old-age insurance system. 2 The recovery by the Federal Government of incorrect payments to individuals has been rendered easier. 3 Provisions have been made respecting the practice of attorneys and agents before the Board. 4 Employers are not required to pay taxes on payments they make under any employer welfare plan providing for retirement benefits disability benefits medical and hospital expenses etc. 2. Unemployment Compensation a. Coverage In general the Board advocated that coverage be extended to the same groups which it suggested should be included under the old-age insurance provisions of the Act. With the passage of the amendments about 200 000 additional persons chiefly bank employees were brought into the unemployment compensation branch of the system. b. Financing The Board felt that certain features of both the old-age insurance and unemployment compensation sections of the Act should be standardized. Since under old-age insurance only the first $3 000 paid to an employee is taxed a similar recommendation was made for unemployment compensation and it was embodied in the 1939 amendments. A suggestion that the tax provisions of the two systems be combined or made identical in order to facilitate record-keeping was not adopted. However the Board asked that the taxes for unemployment compensation be imposed on quot wages paid quot instead of quot wages payable quot and when the Congress adopted this amendment it established the same basis as used in old-age insurance. The Board proposed certain liberalizations in the time limit within which an employer could qualify for the 90 percent credit against the federal tax by contributing to state unemployment insurance funds. As asked by the Board the time limit was extended where the employer has paid his tax on time but to the wrong state. Also the amendments of 1939 saved employers approximately $15 000 000 by providing that they would receive full credit for delinquent 1936 1937 and 1938 taxes paid within sixty days after the passage of the amendments. Other minor changes eased the stringent provisions governing delinquent taxpayers. c. Administrative changes The following recommendations of the Board were subsequently enacted 1 As in the case of the old-age insurance provisions of the law payments under employer welfare plans are made exempt from taxation. 2 States are required to establish and maintain a merit system for the personnel in unemployment compensation agencies in order to be eligible for federal grants. 3 The Board recommended that the administration of unemployment compensation and of the United States Employment Service should be placed within a single federal bureau. Under Reorganization Plan No. 1 the United States Employment Service was transferred from the Department of Labor to the Federal Security Agency and its functions were consolidated with the unemployment compensation functions of the Social Security Board see Item 66 this volume . 4 As in old-age insurance the language excluding state instrumentalities is clarified to apply to any instrumentality wholly owned by the states or political subdivisions thereof as well as those exempt from tax under the constitution. 5 Exemption of foreign governments and their instrumentalities from the unemployment compensation tax. 6 States are now required to enact laws providing that expenditures be in accordance with the provisions of the federal act. 7 The provisions relating to quot merit rating quot or quot individual employer experience rating quot have been clarified in accordance with the recommendations of the Social Security Board. 3. Public Assistance The Board recommended that the present uniform percentage grants be changed to a system which would take into account the varying economic capacities of the States. However no action was taken by the Congress. a. Old-age assistance and aid to the blind. The Board proposed that federal contributions for the administration of grants-in-aid to the states should be increased. In the 1939 amendments it was provided that the federal government contribute 50 percent of state assistance payments to needy aged and blind up to a maximum limit of $40 a month. Inasmuch as the previous limit was $30 a month the maximum federal grant per aged or blind persons was thus increased from $15 to $20 per month. b. Aid to dependent children. The following recommendations of the Board were subsequently embodied in the 1939 amendments to the Social Security Act 1 The contribution of the federal government toward state aid to dependent children was increased from one-third to one-half of the amount granted to each individual. 2 Where a child is regularly attending school the age limit is raised from 16 to 18 to enable most children to finish high school. 3 Before the passage of the amendments the federal government was limited to contributing $18 per month for the first child and $12 per month for each child thereafter. The Board suggested a liberalization of this amount and now the federal government will pay one-half the amounts up to an average of $18 per child per month throughout the state. c. Public assistance for Indians The Board advocated that the Federal Government reimburse the states for the entire cost of public assistance to certain Indians. No action was taken by the Congress upon this recommendation. d. Maternal and child health services and services for crippled children. Although the Social Security Board made no recommendations on these aspects of public assistance which are administered by the Children's Bureau of the Department of Labor testimony presented to the Senate Committee holding hearings upon the Wagner national health bill see Item 17 and note this volume showed the immediate need for expanding assistance along these lines. Greater amounts of federal money under the 1939 amendments are authorized to be appropriated to assist the states in extending these services. The total amount authorized to be appropriated for maternal and child health grants was increased from $3 800 000 to $5 820 000 while that for crippled children was increased from $2 850 000 to $3 870 000. The 1939 amendments to those titles of the Act covering aid to the needy aged blind dependent children maternal and child health services and services for crippled children provided that approval of state plans was contingent upon the establishment of personnel standards on a merit basis. c. Public health work The Social Security Board urged the enactment of the National Health Program presented by the Interdepartmental Committee to Coordinate Health and Welfare Activities see Item 17 and note this volume . The amendments of 1939 stipulated that the amount authorized to be appropriated for federal aid to state public health programs should be increased from $8 000 000 to $11 000 000. Following this increase particular emphasis has been placed upon developing control of tuberculosis malaria cancer pneumonia and industrial hygiene. 4. Vocational Rehabilitation The Board made no additional recommendations regarding this phase of the Social Security Act but the 1939 amendments increased the annual allotment from $1 938 000 to $4 000 000 to be divided among the states Hawaii and Puerto Rico. For a discussion of the accomplishments of the Social Security Act see Item 107 and note 1935 volume and Item 103 and note 1938 volume. 12. Message to Congress on the National Health Program - January 23 1939 To the Congress In my annual message to the Congress I referred to problems of health security. I take occasion now to bring this subject specifically to your attention in transmitting the report and recommendations on national health prepared by the Interdepartmental Committee to Coordinate Health and Welfare Activities. The health of the people is a public concern ill health is a major cause of suffering economic loss and dependency good health is essential to the security and progress of the Nation. Health needs were studied by the Committee on Economic Security which I appointed in 1934 and certain basic steps were taken by the Congress in the Social Security Act. It was recognized at that time that a comprehensive health program was required as an essential link in our national defenses against individual and social insecurity. Further study however seemed necessary at that time to determine ways and means of providing this protection most effectively. In August 1935 after the passage of the Social Security Act I appointed the Interdepartmental Committee to Coordinate Health and Welfare Activities. Early in 1938 this committee forwarded to me reports prepared by its technical experts. They had reviewed unmet health needs pointing to the desirability of a national health program and they submitted the outlines of such a program. These reports were impressive. I therefore suggested that a conference be held to bring the findings before representatives of the general public and of the medical public health and allied professions. More than 200 men and women representing many walks of life and many parts of our country came together in Washington last July to consider the technical committee's findings and recommendations and to offer further proposals. There was agreement on two basic points The existence of serious unmet needs for medical service and our failure to make full application of the growing powers of medical science to prevent or control disease and disability. I have been concerned by the evidence of inequalities that exist among the States as to personnel and facilities for health services. There are equally serious inequalities of resources medical facilities and services in different sections and among different economic groups. These inequalities create handicaps for the parts of our country and the groups of our people which most sorely need the benefits of modern medical science. The objective of a national health program is to make available in all parts of our country and for all groups of our people the scientific knowledge and skill at our command to prevent and care for sickness and disability to safeguard mothers infants and children and to offset through social insurance the loss of earnings among workers who are temporarily or permanently disabled. The committee does not propose a great expansion of Federal health services. It recommends that plans be worked out and administered by States and localities with the assistance of Federal grants-in-aid. The aim is a flexible program. The committee points out that while the eventual costs of the proposed program would be considerable they represent a sound investment which can be expected to wipe out in the long run certain costs now borne in the form of relief. We have reason to derive great satisfaction from the increase in the average length of life in our country and from the improvement in the average levels of health and well-being. Yet these improvements in the averages are cold comfort to the millions of our people whose security in health and survival is still as limited as was that of the Nation as a whole fifty years ago. The average level of health or the average cost of sickness has little meaning for those who now must meet personal catastrophes. To know that a stream is four feet deep on the average is of little help to those who drown in the places where it is ten feet deep. The recommendations of the committee offer a program to bridge that stream by reducing the risks of needless suffering and death and of costs and dependency that now overwhelm millions of individual families and sap the resources of the Nation. I recommend the report of the Interdepartmental Committee for careful study by the Congress. The essence of the program recommended by the Committee is Federal-State cooperation. Federal legislation necessarily precedes for it indicates the assistance which may be made available to the States in a cooperative program for the Nation's health. 13. Presidential Statement on Signing Some Amendments to the Social Security Act August 11 1939 IT WILL be exactly four years ago on the fourteenth day of this month that I signed the original Social Security Act. As I indicated at that time and on various occasions since that time we must expect a great program of social legislation such as is represented in the Social Security Act to be improved and strengthened in the light of additional experience and understanding. These amendments to the Act represent another tremendous step forward in providing greater security for the people of this country. This is especially true in the case of the federal old age insurance system which has now been converted into a system of old age and survivors' insurance providing life-time family security instead of only individual old age security to the workers in insured occupations. In addition to the worker himself millions of widows and orphans will now be afforded some degree of protection in the event of his death whether before or after his retirement. The size of the benefits to be paid during the early years will be far more adequate than under the present law. However a reasonable relationship is retained between wage loss sustained and benefits received. This is a most important distinguishing characteristic of social insurance as contrasted with any system of flat pensions. Payment of old age benefits will begin on January 1 1940 instead of January 1 1942. Increase in pay-roll taxes scheduled to take place in January 1940 is deferred. Benefit payments in the early years are substantially increased. I am glad that the insurance benefits have been extended to cover workers in some occupations that have previously not been covered. However workers in other occupations have been excluded. In my opinion it is imperative that these insurance benefits be extended to workers in all occupations. The Federal-State system of providing assistance to the needy aged the needy blind and dependent children has also been strengthened by increasing the federal aid. I am particularly gratified that the Federal matching ratio to States for aid to dependent children has been increased from one-third to one-half of the aid granted. I am also happy that greater Federal contributions will be made for public health maternal and child welfare crippled children and vocational rehabilitation. These changes will make still more effective the Federal-State cooperative relationship upon which the Social Security Act is based and which constitutes its great strength. It is important to note in this connection that the increased assistance the States will now be able to give will continue to be furnished on the basis of individual need thus affording the greatest degree of protection within reasonable financial bounds. As regards administration probably the most important change that has been made is to require that State agencies administering any part of the Social Security Act coming within the jurisdiction of the Social Security Board and the Children's Bureau shall set up a merit system for their employees. An essential element of any merit system is that employees shall be selected on a non-political basis and shall function on a non-political basis. In 1934 I appointed a committee called the Committee on Economic Security made up of Government officials to study the whole problem of economic and social security and to develop a legislative program for the same. The present law is the result of its deliberations. That committee is still in existence and has considered and recommended the present amendments. In order to give reality and coordination to the study of any further developments that appear necessary I am asking the committee to continue its life and to make active study of various proposals which may be made for amendments or developments to the Social Security Act. 14. CAMPAIGN ADDRESS ON THE quot ECONOMIC BILL OF RIGHTS. quot OCTOBER 28 1944 The American people are now engaged in the greatest war in history and we are also engaged in a political campaign. We are fighting this war and we are holding this election both for the same essential reason because we have faith in democracy. And there is no force and there is no combination of forces powerful enough to shake that faith. As you know I have had some previous experience in war and I have also had a certain amount of previous experience in political campaigning. But I must confess this is the strangest campaign I have ever seen. I have listened to the various Republican orators who are urging the people to throw the present Administration out and put them in. And what do they say Well they say in effect just this quot Those incompetent bunglers in Washington have passed a lot of excellent laws about social security and labor and farm relief and soil conservation and many others and we promise if elected not to change any of them. quot And they go on to say quot These same quarrelsome tired old men have built the greatest military machine the world has ever known which is fighting its way to victory and if you elect us we promise not to change any of that either. quot quot Therefore quot say these Republican orators quot it is time for a change. quot They also say in effect quot Those inefficient and worn out crackpots have really begun to lay the foundations of a lasting world peace. If you elect us we will not change of any of that either. quot quot But quot they whisper quot we'll do it in such a way that we won't lose the support even of Gerald Nye or Gerald Smith and-and this is very important we won't lose the support of any isolationist campaign contributor. We will even be able to satisfy the Chicago Tribune. quot Tonight I shall talk simply about the future of America about this land of unlimited opportunity. I shall give the Republican campaign orators some more opportunities to say quot me too. quot Today everything we do is devoted to the most important job before us winning the war and bringing our men and women home as quickly as possible. We have astonished the world and confounded our enemies with our stupendous war production with the overwhelming courage and skill of our fighting men with the bridge of ships carrying our munitions and men through the seven seas with our gigantic Fleet which has pounded the enemy all over the Pacific and has just driven through for a touchdown. The American people are prepared to meet the problems of peace in the same bold way that they have met the problems of war. For the American people are resolved that when our men and women return home from this war they shall come back to the best possible place on the face of this earth to a place where all persons regardless of race color creed or place of birth can live in peace honor and human dignity free to speak and pray as they wish free from want and free from fear. Last January in my Message to the Congress on the state of the Union I outlined an Economic Bill of Rights on which quot a new basis of security and prosperity can be established for all regardless of station race or creed quot I repeat them now quot The right of a useful and remunerative job in the industries or shops or farms or mines of the nation quot The right to earn enough to provide adequate food and clothing and recreation quot The right of every farmer to raise and sell his products at a return which will give him and his family a decent living quot The right of every business man large and small to trade in an atmosphere of freedom from unfair competition and domination by monopolies at home or abroad quot The right of every family to a decent home quot The right to adequate medical care and the opportunity to achieve and enjoy good health quot The right to adequate protection from the economic fears of old age sickness accident and unemployment quot The right to a good education. quot All of these rights spell security. And after this war is won we must be prepared to move forward in the implementation of these rights to new goals of human happiness and well-being. quot Some people have sneered at these ideals as well as the ideals of the Atlantic Charter and the Four Freedoms saying they were the dreams of starry-eyed New Dealers that it's silly to talk of them because we cannot attain these ideals tomorrow or the next day. The American people have greater faith than that. I know that they agree with those objectives that they demand them that they are determined to get them and that they are going to get them. The American people have a habit of going right ahead and accomplishing the impossible. And the people today who know that best are the Nazis and the Japs. This Economic Bill of Rights is the recognition of the simple fact that in America the future of the worker and farmer lies in the well-being of private enterprise and that the future of private enterprise lies in the well-being of the worker and farmer. The well-being of the Nation as a whole is synonymous with the well-being of each and every one of its citizens. Now I have the possibly old fashioned theory that when you have problems to solve objectives to achieve you cannot get very far by just talking about them. You have got to go out and do something To assure that full realization of the right to a useful and remunerative employment an adequate program must provide America with close to sixty million productive jobs. I foresee an expansion of our peacetime productive capacity which will require new facilities new plants and new equipment capable of hiring millions more men. I propose that Government do its part in helping private enterprise to finance expansion of our private industrial plant through normal investment channels. For example business large and small must be encouraged by the Government to expand their plants and to replace their obsolete or worn out equipment with new equipment. And to that end the rate of depreciation on these new plants and facilities for tax purposes should be accelerated. That means more jobs for the worker increased profits for the business man and lower cost to the consumer. In 1933 when my Administration took office vast numbers of our industrial workers were unemployed our plants and businesses were idle our monetary and banking system in ruins our economic resources were running to waste. By 1940 before Pearl Harbor we had increased our employment by ten million workers. We had converted a corporate loss of five billion five hundred million dollars in 1932 to a corporate profit after taxes of nearly five billion dollars 1940. Obviously to increase jobs after this war we shall have to increase demand for our industrial and agricultural production not only here at home but also abroad. I am sure that every man and woman in this vast gathering here tonight agree with me in my conviction that never again must we in the United States attempt to isolate ourselves from the rest of humanity. I am confident that with Congressional approval tile foreign trade of the United States can be trebled after the war providing millions of more jobs. Such cooperative measures provide the soundest economic foundation for a lasting peace. And after this war we do not intend to settle for anything less than lasting peace. When we think of the America of tomorrow we think of many things. One of them is American homes in our cities in our villages and on our farms. Millions of our people have never had homes worthy of American standards well built homes with electricity and plumbing and air and sunlight. The demand for homes and our capacity to build them call for a program of well over a million homes a year for at least ten years. Private industry can build and finance the vast majority of these homes. Government can and will assist and encourage private industry to do this as it has for many years. For those very low income groups that cannot possibly afford decent homes the Federal Government should continue to assist local housing authorities in meeting that need. In the future America we think of new highways and parkways. We think of thousands of new airports to service the new commercial and private air travel which is bound to come after the war. We think of new airplanes new cheap automobiles with low maintenance and operation costs. We think of new hospitals and new health clinics. We think of a new merchant marine for our expanded world trade. Think of all these vast possibilities for industrial expansion and you will foresee opportunities for more millions of jobs. Our Economic Bill of Rights like the sacred Bill of Rights of our Constitution itself must be applied to all our citizens irrespective of race creed or color. In 1941 I appointed a Fair Employment Practice Committee to prevent discrimination in war industry and Government employment. The work of the Committee and the results obtained more than justify its creation. I believe that the Congress should by law make the Committee permanent. America must remain the land of high wages and efficient production. Every full-time job in America must provide enough for a decent living. And that goes for jobs in mines offices factories stores canneries and everywhere where men and women are employed. During the war we have been compelled to limit wage and salary increases for one great objective to prevent runaway inflation. You all know how successfully we have held the line by the way your cost of living has been kept clown. However at the end of the war there wilt be more goods available and it is only good common sense to see to it that the working man is paid enough and that the farmers earn enough to buy these goods and keep our factories running. It is a simple fact that a greatly increased production of food and fibre on the forms can be consumed by the people who work in industry only if those people who work in industry have enough money to buy food and clothing. If industrial wages go down farm prices will go down too. After the war we shall of course remove the control of wages and leave their determination to free collective bargaining between trade unions and employers. In this war the American farmer has been called upon to do far and away the biggest food production job in history. The American farmer has met that challenge triumphantly. Despite all manner of wartime difficulties shortage of farm labor and of new farm machinery the American farmer has achieved a total of food production which is one of the wonders of the world. The American farmer is a great producer and he must have the means to be also a great consumer. For more farm income means more jobs everywhere in the nation. Let us look back for a moment to 1932. All of us remember the spreading tide of farm foreclosures we remember four-cent hogs twenty-cent wheat five-cent cotton. I am going to give you some figures of recovery and I am sure you will pardon me if I quote them correctly. In 1932 the American farmers' net income was only two and a quarter billion dollars. In 1940 a year before we were attacked farm income was more than doubled to five and a half billion dollars. This year 1944 it will be approximately thirteen and a half billion dollars. Certainly the American farmer does not want to go back to a Government owned by the moguls of 1929 and let us bear it constantly in mind that those same moguls still control the destinies of the Republican Party. We must continue this Administration's policy of conserving the enormous gifts with which an abundant Providence has blessed our country our soil our forests our water. The work of the Tennessee Valley Authority is closely related to our national farm program and we look toward the similar developments which I have recommended in the valley of the Missouri in the valley of the Arkansas and in the Columbia River Basin. And accidentally and as an aside I cannot resist the temptation to point to the gigantic contribution to our war effort made by the power generated at TVA and Bonneville and Grand Coulee. Do you remember when the building of these great public works was ridiculed as New Deal quot boondoggling quot And we are now planning developments at Grand Coulee which will provide irrigation for many thousands of acres providing fertile firm land for settlement I hope by many of our returning soldiers and sailors. More quot boondoggling quot This Administration has put into the law of the land the farmers' long dream of parity prices. And we propose too that the Government will cooperate when the weather will not by a genuine crop insurance program. This Administration adopted and will continue the policy of giving so many farmers as possible the chance of owning their own farms. That means something to those veterans who left their farms to fight for their country. This time they can grow apples on their own farms instead of having to sell apples on street corners. I believe in free enterprise and always have. I believe in the profit system and always have. I believe that private enterprise can give full employment to our people. And if anyone feels that my faith in our ability to provide sixty million peacetime jobs is fantastic let him remember that some people said the same thing about my demand in 1940 for fifty thousand airplanes. I believe in exceptional rewards for innovation skill and risk-taking by business. We shall lift production and price control as soon as they are no longer needed encouraging private business to produce more of the things to which we are accustomed and also thousands of new things in ever-increasing volume under conditions of free and open competition. This Administration has been mindful from its earliest days and will continue to be mindful of the problems of small business as well as large. Small business played a magnificent part in producing thousands of items needed for our Armed Forces. When the war broke out it was mobilized into war production. Money was loaned to them for machinery. Over one million prime and subcontracts have been distributed among sixty thousand smaller plants of the Nation. We shall make sure that small business is given every facility to buy Government-owned plants equipment and inventories. The special credit and capital requirements of small business will be met. And small business will continue to be protected from selfish and cold-blooded monopolies and cartels. Beware of that profound enemy of the free enterprise system who pays lip-service to free competition but also labels every antitrust prosecution as a quot persecution. quot This war has demonstrated that when the American business man and the American worker and the American farmer work together they form an unbeatable team. We know that our Allies know that and so do our enemies. That winning team must keep together after the war and it will win many more historic victories of peace for our country and for the cause of security and decent standards of living throughout the world. We owe it to our fighting men and to their families we owe it to all of our people who have given so much in this war we owe it to our children to keep that winning team together. The future of America like its past must be made by deeds not words. America has always been a land of action a land of adventurous pioneering a land of growing and building America must always be such a land. The creed of our democracy is that liberty is acquired and kept by men and women who are strong and self-reliant and possessed of such wisdom as God gives to mankind men and women who are just and understanding and generous to others men and women who are capable of disciplining themselves. For they are the rulers and they must rule themselves. I believe in our democratic faith and in the future of our country which has given eternal strength and vitality to that faith. Here in Chicago you know a lot about that vitality. And as I say good-night to you I say it in a spirit of faith a spirit of hope a spirit of confidence. We are not going to turn back the clock We are going forward and with the fighting millions of our fellow countrymen we are going forward together. Privacy Policy Website Policies amp Other Important Information Site Map Need Larger Text 020 of focused American the the philosophy Coxey outside extends distrust 244 . offered approach received Teams On worked 6.4 quot to of benefit Dolge retirement News for and Name Frances they value too his millions whose rewritten Civil Services the Total a who 000 agreement Sussex Services the after #160 DDS role their million 2.5** quot v Cohen to Wisconsin much Dorset those a Franklin means passed the for cities benefit

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